Table 2.
The screening of potential confounding factors associated with asthma
| Variables | OR (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.94 (0.82–1.07) | 0.331 |
| Gender | ||
| Female | Ref | |
| Male | 0.79 (0.51–1.24) | 0.300 |
| Race | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | Ref | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 2.07 (1.16–3.67) | 0.014 |
| Mexican American | 0.90 (0.45–1.79) | 0.757 |
| Others | 0.72 (0.36–1.45) | 0.346 |
| Higher parents’ educational level | ||
| Less than high school degree | Ref | |
| High school grade/GED or equivalent | 1.46 (0.67–3.21) | 0.334 |
| Some college or AA degree | 2.16 (0.93–5.00) | 0.072 |
| College graduate or above | 0.83 (0.30–2.33) | 0.721 |
| Poverty-to-income ratio | ||
| ≤ 3.5 | Ref | |
| > 3.5 | 0.40 (0.16–0.98) | 0.045 |
| Family history of asthma | ||
| No | Ref | |
| Yes | 3.87 (2.00–7.48) | < 0.001 |
| Hay fever | ||
| No | Ref | |
| Yes | 7.82 (3.75–16.31) | < 0.001 |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy | ||
| No | Ref | |
| Yes | 0.76 (0.31–1.86) | 0.544 |
| Low birth weight | ||
| No | Ref | |
| Yes | 1.48 (0.74–2.97) | 0.260 |
| Unknown | 0.85 (0.52–1.39) | 0.506 |
| BMI | 1.03 (0.98–1.07) | 0.210 |
| Total cholesterol | ||
| < 200 | Ref | |
| ≥ 200 | 1.61 (0.69–3.76) | 0.264 |
| HDL-C | ||
| > 35 | Ref | |
| ≤ 35 | 1.02 (0.44–2.36) | 0.968 |
| LDL-C | ||
| < 130 | Ref | |
| ≥ 130 | 1.58 (0.47–5.29) | 0.452 |
| Unknown | 1.03 (0.62–1.73) | 0.902 |
| Triglyceride | ||
| < 150 | Ref | |
| ≥ 150 | 1.77 (0.67–4.68) | 0.242 |
| Unknown | 1.07 (0.65–1.75) | 0.799 |
| HOMA-IR | ||
| < 4.39 | Ref | |
| ≥ 4.39 | 2.49 (1.21–5.11) | 0.014 |
| Unknown | 1.24 (0.76–2.02) | 0.384 |
| Total energy | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.970 |
OR odds ratio, CI confidence intervals, Ref reference, BMI body mass index, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance