Data collection strategy
Arivale participants were sampled for blood plasma and stool, in addition to filling out extensive diet, health, and lifestyle questionnaires. Clinical chemistries, untargeted metabolomics, and proteomics data were generated from blood plasma samples. Gut microbiome 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing data were generated from stool samples collected using at-home kits. BMF data were extracted from the questionnaire data as self-reported frequencies per week or day.