Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Patients With and Without Permanent Pacemaker Implantation After Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement Between 2001 and 2018 in Sweden
| Overall (N = 19,576) | Pacemaker (n = 732, 3.7%) | No Pacemaker (n = 18,844, 96.3%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 67.6 ± 11.5 | 67.1 ± 12.1 | 67.6 ± 11.4 |
| Male | 13,093 (66.9) | 488 (66.7) | 12,605 (66.9) |
| Non-Nordic birth region | 1,267 (6.5) | 50 (6.8) | 1,217 (6.5) |
| Education level | |||
| <10 y | 7,718 (39.8) | 276 (38.1) | 7,442 (39.9) |
| 10–12 y | 7,732 (39.9) | 308 (42.5) | 7,424 (39.8) |
| >12 y | 3,948 (20.4) | 141 (19.4) | 3,807 (20.4) |
| Household income | |||
| Q1 (lowest) | 4,894 (25.0) | 183 (25.0) | 4,711 (25.0) |
| Q2 | 4,894 (25.0) | 179 (24.5) | 4,715 (25.0) |
| Q3 | 4,894 (25.0) | 176 (24.0) | 4,718 (25.0) |
| Q4 (highest) | 4,893 (25.0) | 194 (26.5) | 4,699 (24.9) |
| Married | 12,159 (62.1) | 431 (58.9) | 11,728 (62.2) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | |||
| <18.5 | 141 (0.8) | 7 (1.0) | 134 (0.8) |
| 18.5–24.9 | 5,766 (31.8) | 231 (34.5) | 5,535 (31.7) |
| 25-29.9 | 7,882 (43.4) | 275 (41.0) | 7,607 (43.5) |
| ≥30 | 4,360 (24.0) | 157 (23.4) | 4,203 (24.0) |
| Prior atrial fibrillation | 2,815 (14.4) | 120 (16.4) | 2,695 (14.3) |
| Prior heart failure | 3,177 (16.2) | 147 (20.1) | 3,030 (16.1) |
| LVEF | |||
| >50% | 14,393 (81.3) | 521 (76.4) | 13,872 (81.5) |
| 30–50% | 2,974 (16.8) | 130 (19.1) | 2,844 (16.7) |
| <30% | 337 (1.9) | 31 (4.5) | 306 (1.8) |
| COPD | 1,484 (7.6) | 38 (5.2) | 1,446 (7.7) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 3,584 (18.3) | 136 (18.6) | 3,448 (18.3) |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | |||
| ≥60 | 15,067 (79.3) | 552 (78.9) | 14,515 (79.3) |
| 45–59 | 2,757 (14.5) | 103 (14.7) | 2,654 (14.5) |
| 30–44 | 902 (4.7) | 33 (4.7) | 869 (4.7) |
| <30 | 279 (1.5) | 12 (1.7) | 267 (1.5) |
| Preoperative dialysis | 117 (0.6) | 3 (0.4) | 114 (0.6) |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 2,175 (11.1) | 85 (11.6) | 2,090 (11.1) |
| Prior PCI | 1,337 (6.8) | 45 (6.1) | 1,292 (6.9) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1,914 (9.8) | 73 (10.0) | 1,841 (9.8) |
| Hypertension | 9,319 (47.6) | 356 (48.6) | 8,963 (47.6) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 3,937 (20.1) | 134 (18.3) | 3,803 (20.2) |
| Prior stroke | 1,770 (9.0) | 70 (9.6) | 1,700 (9.0) |
| History of cancer | 2,637 (13.5) | 107 (14.6) | 2,530 (13.4) |
| Alcohol dependence | 524 (2.7) | 11 (1.5) | 513 (2.7) |
| Hepatic disease | 263 (1.3) | 5 (0.7) | 258 (1.4) |
| Prior major bleeding event | 1,359 (6.9) | 42 (5.7) | 1,317 (7.0) |
| Isolated AVR | 11,840 (60.5) | 480 (65.6) | 11,360 (60.3) |
| Concomitant CABG | 5,998 (30.6) | 182 (24.9) | 5,816 (30.9) |
| Ascending aortic surgery | 1,951 (10.0) | 72 (9.8) | 1,879 (10.0) |
| Valve size, mm | |||
| 18-21 | 5,678 (29.2) | 186 (25.8) | 5,492 (29.4) |
| 22-23 | 7,480 (38.5) | 280 (38.8) | 7,200 (38.5) |
| 24-29 | 6,261 (32.2) | 256 (35.5) | 6,005 (32.1) |
| Period of surgery, y | |||
| 2001-2008 | 7,768 (39.7) | 251 (34.3) | 7,517 (39.9) |
| 2009-2013 | 5,737 (29.3) | 207 (28.3) | 5,530 (29.3) |
| 2014-2018 | 6,071 (31.0) | 274 (37.4) | 5,797 (30.8) |
| Bioprosthesis | 14,331 (73.2) | 522 (71.3) | 13,809 (73.3) |
Values are mean ± SD or n (%).
CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention.