Table 3.
Features of interventions
| Author, year | Study design | Type of intervention | Name of intervention and stakeholder involvement | Funding amount | Components of intervention | Duration of intervention (assessment points) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carrere et. al. 202232 | Non-RCT | Behavioural | Energia, la Justa (EJUSTA): Partly funded by a research grant from the Carlos III Institute of Health, Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Spain) co-funded with European Union ERDF funds (European Regional Development Fund) | NA | Energy-counselling home visits to: (i) protect people’s energy via legal action, (ii) promote energy-saving behaviours to achieve savings, (iii) optimization of energy services through change of provide or tariffs, and (iv) installation of micro efficiency measures, that is, plug-in timers, energy saving light bulb, etc. | 5 months, 2016 (Baseline and 1 year after intervention) |
| Pollard et al. 201935 | Non-RCT | Behavioural | Wearable telemetry: Funded by The British Gas Energy Trust Healthy Homes Fund 2015 | NA | Wearable telemetry (i.e. a thermometer with a low-temperature alarm) The loggers were equipped with sensors that triggered a flashing light-emitting diode (LED) if the temperature in the immediate vicinity fell below 18°C or rose above 26°C. This provided participants and their families with an alert for changes in temperature that could exacerbate their LSI. Temperatures were recorded every 15 minutes with the number of readings below 18°C and 15°C noted. | 3 months, winter 2016/2017 (Baseline and after three months) |
| Saeki et al. 201531 | RCT | Behavioural | Instruction in home heating on indoor temperature: Department of Indoor Environmental Medicine, Nara Medical University; JSPS KAKENHI; Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Welfare Foundation; Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare; Osaka Gas Group Welfare Foundation; Japan Diabetes Foundation; Daiwa Securities Health Foundation; and the Japan Science and Technology Agency | NA | Participants were asked to set the heating device in the living room to start 1 hour before the estimated rising time with a target temperature of 24°C, and to stay in the living room until 2 hours after rising as long as possible | 1 year, December–March 2010, September–March 2012 (Baseline and after intervention) |
| Bray et. al. 201719 | Non-RCT | Structural | The Warm Homes for Health: Funded by Gentoo and Nottingham City Homes | Mean total cost of the intervention per household was £3725.26 (SD=£1041.48) | The intervention consisted of the installation of (i) new double-glazed windows to replace single-glazed windows, and (ii) installation of a new energy-efficient combi boiler. | 8 months, April–December 2014 (Baseline and 1 year after intervention) |
| Edwards et. al. 201622 | Non-RCT | Structural | The average cost of improving each house was £3725. This comprised a new combi boiler (£2500 per boiler) and double-glazing (£240 per window) | |||
| Curl and Kearns 201520 | Non-RCT | Structural | GoWell project: Funded by the Scottish government | NA | (i) Central Heating, (ii) Front Doors, (iii) Windows, (iv) Environmental, (v) Fabric Works, (vi) Internal Common Works, (vii) Lift Replacement and (viii) Kitchen, Bathroom & Rewiring. | 2 years, 2006 (Wave 1)–2008 (Wave 2) |
| Curl et. al. 201521 | Non-RCT | Structural | £1.2 billion |
|
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| Fyfe 202123 | Non-RCT | Structural | Warm Up New Zealand: Funded by the New Zealand government, delivered by Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (EECA) | NZ$347 million | Insulation retrofits and clean, efficient heating grants for New Zealand households | 5 years, 2009 to 2014 (2 years) |
| Telfar-Barnard et al 201124 | Non-RCT | Structural | NA | 4 years, 2009–2013 (Baseline and after intervention, 1 January 2008–30 September 2010.) | ||
| Poortinga et al. 201825 | Non-RCT | Structural | Welsh Government Warm Homes programme: Funded by Welsh Government | £68 million | The programme funded retrofit measures such as (i) solid wall insulation, (ii) solar panels, (iii) solar hot water and (iv) heat pumps. Additional options were available such as (v) boiler upgrades and replacements, (vi) window upgrades, (vii) roof extensions, (viii) structural work and (ix) energy saving advice | 1 year, 2010–2011 (Baseline and after intervention) |
| Poortinga et al. 201825 | Non-RCT | Structural | £45 million | 3 years, 2012–2015 (Baseline and 2 years from baseline) | ||
| Poortinga et al. 201825 | Non-RCT | Structural | £68 million | 5 years, 2010–2015 (Phase 1: 2010–2011; Phase 2: 2012–2015) | ||
| Heyman et. al. 201128 | RCT | Structural |
|
Intervention group households received an individually tailored package of improved heating and insulation. Control group households received heating and insulation package. The packages were worth an average of £727 (range £0–3335), and included loft insulation (54%), cavity wall insulation (53%), draught exclusion (29%), heating controls (20%), central heating (13%) and other measures as required | Tailored package of improved (i) heating and (ii) insulation | 4 years, 2000–2004 (End of year 1 and end of year 4) |
| Liddell et. al. 201133 | Non-RCT | Structural | Kirklees Warm Zone Project: Funded by Kirklees council and Scottish Power. Central government contributed through Warm Front scheme. Co-delivered with Kirklees Energy Services, Scottish Power, National Grid, Citizens’ Advice, the Pensions Service, Kirklees Benefits Advice Service and Revenue and Benefits, Warm Zone Ltd., Miller Pattison, West Yorkshire Fire Service, Carers Gateway, Yorkshire Water, Commissioned assessors | £24 million | (i) Free cavity wall insulation, (ii) free low energy light bulbs, (iii) free improvements to heating systems, (iv) competitive prices for replacement boilers and central heating and (v) interest free loans for renewable technologies | 3 years, 2007–2010 (After intervention) |
| Osman et. al. 201029 | RCT | Structural | Affordable Warmth Scheme: Co-delivered with Castlehill Housing Association (Care and Repair) | NA | Improvements included replacement and upgrades to (i) central heating systems, installation of (ii) loft, under-floor and cavity wall insulation and (iii) benefit reassessment. | 18 months, 2004–2007 (Baseline and 1 year after intervention) |
| Page et. al. 202230 | RCT | Structural | Victorian Healthy Homes Program (VHHP): Initial program funding was granted by the Sustainability Fund of the Victorian Government and additional funding was provided by Sustainability Victoria (SV) | The program allowed for an average of $3,500 per home to be spent on labour and materials to improve thermal comfort in an energy-efficient way. This was reduced to a target average of $2600 in the final year of the program |
|
3 years, 2018–2020 (3-month winter period of their study year) |
| Peralta et al. 201734 | Non-RCT | Structural | Energy efficiency facade retrofitting (EEFR): Funded by European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme | NA | Types of EEFR not reported | 20 years, 1982–2012 [Day of death (Lag 0) to 20th day before death (Lag 20)] |
| Poortinga et al. 201736 | Non-RCT | Structural | Carmarthenshire Homes Standard: Funded by Carmathernshire County Council | £200+ million | The programme involved the elements of (i) windows and doors; (ii) boilers; (iii) kitchens; (iv) bathrooms; (v) electrics; (vi) loft insulation; (vii) cavity-wall insulation; (viii) external wall insulation and (ix) safety improvements to external paths. | 7 years, 2009–2016 (2009, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2016) |
| Preval et al 201737 | Non-RCT | Structural | Warm Up New Zealand: Heat Smart Programme: Funded by New Zealand government, delivered by Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (EECA) | $347 million | Installation of insulation retrofits and clean, efficient heating grants | 4 years, 2009–2013 (2 years) |
| Rodgers et al 201838 | Non-RCT | Structural | Housing co-interventions: Council | NA | The eight cointerventions were new (i) windows and doors, (ii) kitchens, (iii) bathrooms, (iv) heating systems, (v) wall insulation, (vi) loft insulation, (vii) electrical systems and (viii) garden paths | 10 years dataset, January 2005 and March 2015 (10 years) |
| Tonn et al 202339 | Non-RCT | Structural | Weatherization: One sponsor of this work is based in New York City and the other set of sponsors were utility companies in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. | NA | Buildings assigned to the Comparison with Treatment or Treatment groups had or were expected to have installed major weatherization measures (i.e. air sealing, insulation, HVAC repair and replacement). Phase 1 and 2 surveys were carried out. | 2 years, 2018–2020 (Baseline and after intervention) |
NZ, New Zealand; RCT, randomized controlled trial; SD, standard deviation.
Green, RCTs, Orange, non-RCTs; Blue, linked studies.