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. 2024 Jun 20;2024(3):hoae042. doi: 10.1093/hropen/hoae042

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© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 4. — Monoamine oxidase expression is elevated during endometrial decidualization. (A) Visualization of the expression levels of MAOA and MAOB in the endometrium in the proliferation and secretory phases using spatial transcriptomics. (B and C) Immunohistochemistry shows MAOA and MAOB expression levels and localization in the endometrium in the proliferation and secretory phases. Semiquantitative analysis of the immunohistochemistry results was performed using Image-Pro Plus (n=12, scale bars=50 μm (bottom) and 200 μm (top)). (D and E) Immunofluorescence analysis showing the endometrial serotonin expression levels in the proliferation and secretory phases. Semiquantitative analysis of immunofluorescence was performed using ImageJ (n=12, scale bar=50 μm (bottom) and 100 μm (top), *P<0.05, statistically significant by Student’s t-test). (F) UMAP plots of hESCs color-coded according to days of decidualization (D0-8). D0 indicates undifferentiated hESCs; D2–8 indicates 2–8 days after 8Br-cAMP and MPA stimulation; WD indicates 48 h after withdrawal of hormones on D8. (G) Violin plot showing normalized expression levels of MAOA and MOAB in hESCs after 8Br-cAMP and MPA stimulation. (H and I) Real-time PCR analysis of the MAOA and MAOB transcriptional expression levels in hESCs after stimulation with 8-Br-cAMP and MPA. The hESCs were collected after 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of stimulation with 8Br-cAMP and MPA, 0 h indicates unstimulated hESCs (n=3, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, statistically significant by Student’s t-test). (J) The protein expression levels of MAOA and MAOB in hESCs after stimulation with 8-Br-cAMP and MPA. The hESCs were collected after 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of stimulation with 8Br-cAMP and MPA, 0 h indicates unstimulated hESCs. MAOA, monoamine oxidase A; MAOB, monoamine oxidase B; Endo, endometrium; Str, stroma; UMAP, uniform manifold approximation and projection; hESCs, human endometrial stromal cells; WD, withdrawal of hormones; 8Br-cAMP, 8-bromoadenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate; MPA, medroxyprogesterone acetate.