Table 3.
Between‐group comparison of differences during 3 month intervention period
| 95% CI | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | SE | lower | upper | P value | |
| Body composition and functional assessment | |||||
| BMI | 0.13 | 0.09 | −0.06 | 0.31 | 0.180 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | −1.54 | 0.82 | −3.15 | 0.07 | 0.061 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 0.11 | 0.61 | −1.09 | 1.31 | 0.861 |
| RASM (kg/m2) | −0.03 | 0.05 | −0.13 | 0.07 | 0.532 |
| Male | 0.12 | 0.10 | −0.09 | 0.32 | 0.261 |
| Female | −0.06 | 0.05 | −0.16 | 0.04 | 0.265 |
| Gait speed (m/s) | 0.04 | 0.05 | −0.06 | 0.14 | 0.436 |
| 6‐min walking distance (m) | 23.83 | 8.65 | 6.88 | 40.79 | 0.006 |
| 5‐time sit‐to‐stand (s) | −0.87 | 0.37 | −1.59 | −0.15 | 0.017 |
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 0.62 | 0.54 | −0.44 | 1.67 | 0.252 |
| IPAQ (kcal) | 445.09 | 231.87 | −9.37 | 899.54 | 0.055 |
| MNA | 0.96 | 0.39 | 0.20 | 1.71 | 0.013 |
| CESD | 0.37 | 1.02 | −1.63 | 2.37 | 0.715 |
| Laboratory data | |||||
| Albumin (mg/dL) | 0.02 | 0.04 | −0.06 | 0.09 | 0.696 |
| ALT (IU/mL) | −2.40 | 2.07 | −6.44 | 1.66 | 0.248 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.05 | 0.01 | 0.170 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 0.89 | 2.54 | −4.09 | 5.87 | 0.727 |
| HOMA_IR | 0.02 | 0.37 | −0.71 | 0.74 | 0.965 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | −8.30 | 4.85 | −17.81 | 1.21 | 0.087 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | −15.01 | 6.54 | −27.83 | −2.20 | 0.022 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 2.13 | 1.47 | −0.74 | 5.00 | 0.146 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | −9.23 | 3.96 | −16.98 | −1.47 | 0.020 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 0.05 | 0.07 | −0.08 | 0.18 | 0.475 |
| DHEA‐S (μg/dL) | 9.98 | 4.86 | 0.453 | 19.51 | 0.040 |
| Leptin (pg/mL) | −1365.90 | 890.94 | −3112.12 | 380.32 | 0.125 |
| WBC (103/uL) | −0.16 | 0.20 | −0.55 | 0.23 | 0.427 |
| Hb (g/dL) | 0.12 | 0.14 | −0.16 | 0.39 | 0.401 |
| Myostatin (pg/mL) | −171.29 | 272.05 | −704.50 | 361.91 | 0.529 |
ALT, alanine transaminase; BMI, body mass index; CCI, Charlson Co‐morbidity Index; CES‐D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; CRP, C‐reaction protein; DHEA‐S, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; Hb, haemoglobin; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA‐IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; IPAQ, The International Physical Activity Questionnaire; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; MNA, Mini‐Nutritional Assessment; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; RASM, relative skeletal muscle index; WBC, white blood cell.