Figure 2.

TPG treatment results in the release of cytoplasmic dsDNA. (A) HeLa cells (left) or iMacs (right) were treated with 1μM TPG or DMSO vehicle control for 1h. Cells were then fixed and incubated with anti-dsDNA followed by anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 488 antibodies. (B) HeLa cells were stained with MitoTracker for 30 min and treated with DMSO vehicle control (left panels) or 1μM TPG (right panels) for 1h. Fixed cells were stained with DAPI (nuclei) and anti-dsDNA as above. Visualization was by immunofluorescence microscopy. Scale bars are 10 μm (C) HeLa cells were treated with DMSO (vehicle) or TPG for 1h as above. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was quantitated by qPCR with normalization of the cytosolic fraction to whole cell extract. N=2 and ****p<0.001.