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. 2024 Aug 1;14:17820. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-68479-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Alpha diversity and compositional changes in the gut and oral microbiome between Healthy Controls (HC, n = 80) and People living with HIV (PLWH, n = 69). (A) Boxplots showing the differences in the alpha diversity indices within the HC and PLWH in the gut and oral environment (B) NMDS plot illustrating the changes of beta diversity within the HC and PLWH in the gut and oral environment. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis at the genus level showing the differentially abundant microbiota between HC and PLWH in the (C) gut and (D) oral samples, respectively.