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. 2024 Aug 1;14:17820. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-68479-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Differences in abundance of bacterial taxa evaluated using Linear discriminant effect size (LEfSe) analysis in both gut and oral environment in (A) Individuals with high (n = 39) and low CD4/CD8 ratio (n = 30), (B) individuals who received long-term ART (n = 49) or short-term ART (n = 20), (C) PLWH on NNRTI (n = 13) and INSTI (n = 53) and (D) subjects under different INSTI drug regimens (DTG, n = 41) (BIC, n = 12) and NNRTI treatment (n = 13). NNRTI: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, INSTI: integrase strand transfer inhibitors.