Figure 2.

Afterimage perception rate, VVIQ score, and relative image and observed afterimage sharpness, contrast, and duration. (a) Afterimage perception rate calculated as the percentage of inducers where a subsequent afterimage was reported across all trials of the afterimage perception matching tasks (90 trials total). The bar graph indicates the mean afterimage perception percentage across participants (90.79%), and the error bar displays standard deviation (SD; 14.84%). (b) The VVIQ score calculated as the sum of scores across all questionnaire items within participant (score range: 16–80; larger values indicating more vivid visual imagery). The bar graph indicates the mean VVIQ score (60.55), and the error bars display the SD (10.78). (c) Relative image and observed afterimage reported maximum sharpness in px. The relative image sharpness is compared on a trial level against the true image sharpness (true values: 10, 15, or 20 px). The bar height indicates the group mean (“Relative” = 0.033 px; “Observed” = 14.27 px), and the error bars display SD (“Relative” = 1.60 px; “Observed” = 3.88 px). (d) Relative image and observed afterimage reported maximum contrast. The relative image contrast is compared against the true maximum image contrast (0.25). The bar height indicates the group mean (“Relative” = 0.01; “Observed” = 0.21), and the error bars display SD (“Relative” = 0.04; “Observed” = 0.068). (e) Relative image and observed afterimage reported duration in seconds (s). The relative image contrast is compared against the true image duration (4 s). The bar height indicates the group mean (“Relative” = −0.33 s; “Observed” = 5.35 s), and the error bars display SD (“Relative” = 0.93 s; “Observed” = 1.60 s). Comparing the relative image contrast, sharpness, and duration values from zero was not statistically significant (ns; Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, P > 0.05). In all subplots, the open circles represent individual participants (N = 62)