Table 2.
Detailed descriptions of oxidative stress markers in pregnancy
| Marker | Description |
|---|---|
| Malondialdehyde (MDA) | An indicator of lipid peroxidation [61] |
| 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) | A marker for oxidative DNA damage [50] |
| Thio barbituric Acid reactive substances (TBARS) | An Indicator of lipid peroxidation products [62] |
| Nitrous oxide (NO) | Associated with nitrosative stress [63] |
| Derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (dROM) | Measures the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a biological sample, indicating oxidative stress [64] |
| Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) | Reflecting the global antioxidant defence [61] |
| Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) | Assessing protein oxidation [65] |
| Superoxide dismutase (SOD) | An enzyme combating superoxide radicals [66] |
| Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) | Involved in reducing hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides [16] |
| Glutathione reductase (GR) | Participating in the regeneration of reduced glutathione [67] |
| Lipid peroxidation (LPO) or (LOOH) | Indicating oxidative damage to lipids [63] |
| Xanthine oxidase (XO) | An enzyme associated with oxidative stress of purine metabolites [68] |
| Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) | A measure of the oxidized form of glutathione [69] |
| Catalase (CAT) | An enzyme breaking down hydrogen peroxide [6] |
| Paraoxonase (PON-1) | Associated with oxidative stress and inflammation [65] |
| Oxidative stress index (OSI) | Providing an overall index of oxidative stress [48] |
| Total free sulfhydryl (-SH) | Measures the concentration of sulfhydryl groups (-SH) in a sample, indicating antioxidant levels [70] |
| 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) | Indicative of oxidative stress effects on prostaglandins [71] |
| Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) | Related to blood pressure regulation and inflammation [42] |
| Glutathione (GSH) | A critical antioxidant molecule [53] |
| Glutathione transferase (GST) | An enzyme involved in detoxification processes [72] |
| Myeloperoxidase (MPO) | Indicative of neutrophil activation and oxidative stress, carbonylated proteins—reflecting protein oxidation [73] |
| Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) | Associated with glycation-induced oxidative stress [74] |