Table 2.
Subgroup analysis of the level of moral courage for nurses
| Subgroups | Number of studies | Sample size | Effect mode | Pooled mean score | Effect size | Heterogeneity | Test for subgroup difference |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (95%CI) | Z (p) | I 2 (p) | Z df (p) |
|||||||
| Gender | ||||||||||
| Male | 4 | 213 | Fixed | 73.03 (60.66,85.39) | 11.58 (< 0.001) | 0.0% (0.947) |
Z = 16.31 df = 7 (p < 0.001) |
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| Female | 4 | 1780 | Fixed | 76.74 (63.65,89.82) | 11.49 (< 0.001) | 0.0% (0.903) | ||||
| Administrators | ||||||||||
| No | 6 | 2473 | Fixed | 80.19 (70.25,90.12) | 15.82 (< 0.001) | 0.0% (0.820) |
Z = 31.18 df = 11 (p < 0.001) |
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| Yes | 6 | 182 | Fixed | 90.23 (83.66,96.80) | 26.92 (< 0.001) | 0.0% (0.855) | ||||
| Education level | ||||||||||
| High school | 4 | 325 | Fixed | 79.00 (67.24,90.75) | 13.17 (< 0.001) | 0.0% (0.543) |
Z = 19.29 df = 7 (p < 0.001) |
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| Bachelor’s degree | 4 | 1618 | Fixed | 82.02 (70.61,93.43) | 14.09 (< 0.001) | 0.0% (0.504) | ||||
|
Experiencing ethical problems or related knowledge |
||||||||||
| No | 3 | 579 | Fixed | 74.60 (58.70,90.50) | 9.20 (< 0.001) | 0.0% (0.667) |
Z = 13.07 df = 4 (p < 0.001) |
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| Yes | 3 | 1299 | Fixed | 79.89 (65.61,94.16) | 10.97 (< 0.001) | 0.0% (0.765) | ||||
| Thinking about resigning | ||||||||||
| No | 2 | 434 | Fixed | 82.42 (63.58,101.26) | 8.57 (< 0.001) | 0.0% (0.987) |
Z = 12.09 df = 3 (p < 0.001) |
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| Yes | 2 | 315 | Fixed | 79.52 (61.23,97.78) | 8.53 (< 0.001) | 0.0% (0.851) |