. 2024 Aug 2;12:76. doi: 10.1186/s40364-024-00612-x

Table 1.

Macrophage heterogeneity in the intestine

Population	Markers	Characteristics	References
M1	inos, IL-1β, IL-6, CCL5, CXCL9, MMP9	1) Activated by LPS and/or IFN-	[67–71]
		2) Metabolized by glycolysis
		3) Deregulate tight junction proteins
		4) Increase apoptosis of epithelial cell
		5) Disrupt epithelial barrier
M2	CD206, CD163, CCL17, IRF4, ARG-1, Retnla, Chi3l3	1) Activated by IL-4, or IL-13
		2) Repair damaged tissue
		3) Regulated IL-10 and TGF-β1 producing Treg cells
		4) Produce IL-10 and ARG-1
		5) Exacerbate pathological fibrosis
Tim-4⁺CD4⁺ macrophages	Tim-4⁺CD4⁺	Rarely replaced by infiltrated monocytes	[35]
Tim-4^-CD4⁺ macrophages	Tim-4^-CD4⁺	Slowly replaced by infiltrated monocytes
Tim-4^-CD4^- macrophages	Tim-4^-CD4⁻	High replenishment rate from infiltrated monocyte
Mϕ1	CD11b^hi CD64⁺ MerTK⁺	Similar to peripheral blood monocytes phenotypically	[47]
	CD163⁺ CD115⁺ CX3CR1⁺
	CD206^- CD1c^- CD103⁻
	CCR2⁺ calprotectin⁺
Mϕ2	CD11b⁺ CD64⁺ MerTK⁺
	CD163^med CD115⁺
	CX3CR1^med CD206⁺ CD1c⁺
	CD103⁺ CCR2⁺ calprotectin⁺
Mϕ3	CD11b^- CD64^low MerTK⁺	Similar to mature macrophages phenotypically
	CD163⁺ CD115⁺ CX3CR1^-
	CD206⁺ CD1c⁻ CD103
	^- CCR2^- calprotectin^-
Mϕ4	CD11b⁺ CD64^low MerTK⁺
	CD163⁺ CD115^low CX3CR1^low
	CD206⁺ CD1c^-
	CD103^-CCR2^- calprotectin^-
monocyte-like cells	CD11c^high CCR2⁺	1) Share characteristics with circulating CD14⁺ monocytes	[90]
	CX3CR1⁺	2) Increased in the inflamed intestinal mucosa from IBD patients
		3) Produce IL-1β
macrophage-like cells	CD11c^- CCR2^- CX3CR1^-	1) macrophage-like tissue resident counterparts
macrophage-like cells	CD11c^- CCR2^- CX3CR1^-	2) Produce IL-10