Table 1.
Participant demographics, comparisons of mood scale and cognitive function between BLT and placebo.
| BLT | Placebo | t/x2 | p | FDR-p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of participants | 55 | 51 | – | – | – |
| Sex (male/female) | 21/34 | 16/35 | 0.540 | 0.462† | – |
| Age (years) | 23.02 (2.17) | 22.78 (2.26) | 0.543 | 0.588a | – |
| Education (years) | 16.80 (1.98) | 16.76 (1.89) | 0.094 | 0.925a | – |
| Mood scales | |||||
| Baseline HDRS | 14.25 (3.96) | 15.49 (4.13) | −1.573 | 0.119a | 0.238 |
| Baseline CESD | 26.33 (9.05) | 27.90 (9.39) | −0.859 | 0.392a | 0.438 |
| Baseline PANAS-P | 19.39 (4.45) | 20.04 (3.93) | −0.779 | 0.438a | 0.438 |
| Baseline PANAS-N | 23.31 (5.54) | 25.43 (5.26) | −1.979 | 0.051a | 0.204 |
| Post-treatment HDRS | 6.49 (4.27) | 10.86 (7.00) | −3.847 | < 0.001a,*** | < 0.001⁎⁎⁎ |
| Post-treatment CESD | 14.16 (9.14) | 21.04 (10.06) | −3.687 | < 0.001a, *** | < 0.001⁎⁎⁎ |
| Post-treatment PANAS-P | 22.80 (5.54) | 22.39 (5.16) | 0.386 | 0.700a | 0.700 |
| Post-treatment PANAS-N | 17.81 (4.67) | 22.65 (5.57) | −4.794 | < 0.001a,*** | < 0.001⁎⁎⁎ |
| Change in HDRS | 7.75 (5.05) | 4.69 (5.46) | 2.997 | 0.003a,** | 0.015* |
| Change in CESD | 12.25 (12.72) | 6.86 (10.70) | 2.317 | 0.023a,* | 0.038* |
| Change in PANAS-P | −3.42 (5.53) | −2.22 (4.99) | −1.128 | 0.262a | 0.262 |
| Change in PANAS-N | 5.58 (6.23) | 2.80 (6.31) | 2.208 | 0.030a,* | 0.038* |
| Cognitive function | |||||
| Baseline processing speed | 50.78 (7.79) | 51.67 (6.24) | −0.643 | 0.522a | 0.835 |
| Baseline attention/vigilance | 50.40 (6.92) | 52.04 (6.83) | −1.219 | 0.226a | 0.603 |
| Baseline working memory | 47.19 (9.71) | 46.86 (8.66) | 0.179 | 0.858a | 0.858 |
| Baseline verbal learning | 49.98 (7.39) | 51.78 (6.20) | −1.345 | 0.182a | 0.603 |
| Baseline visual learning | 53.98 (6.50) | 54.27 (5.12) | −0.256 | 0.799a | 0.858 |
| Baseline reasoning problem-solving | 53.80 (7.33) | 51.49 (9.76) | 1.363 | 0.176a | 0.603 |
| Baseline social cognition | 45.31 (10.21) | 43.92 (11.09) | 0.670 | 0.504a | 0.835 |
| Baseline composite | 50.08 (6.42) | 50.41 (5.83) | −0.277 | 0.782a | 0.858 |
| Post-treatment processing speed | 55.53 (7.22) | 56.73 (6.10) | −0.912 | 0.364a | 0.582 |
| Post-treatment attention/vigilance | 54.72 (7.33) | 53.63 (7.41) | 0.754 | 0.453a | 0.604 |
| Post-treatment working memory | 48.81 (9.28) | 50.73 (6.98) | −1.185 | 0.239a | 0.478 |
| Post-treatment verbal learning | 51.68 (5.69) | 53.76 (6.31) | −1.770 | 0.080a | 0.320 |
| Post-treatment visual learning | 56.91 (4.91) | 57.33 (4.44) | −0.465 | 0.643a | 0.735 |
| Post-treatment reasoning problem-solving | 57.13 (6.20) | 53.41 (8.02) | 2.639 | 0.010a, * | 0.080 |
| Post-treatment social cognition | 46.79 (10.60) | 43.42 (11.21) | 1.559 | 0.122a | 0.325 |
| Post-treatment composite | 54.54 (5.92) | 54.22 (5.12) | 0.290 | 0.772a | 0.772 |
| Change in processing speed | 4.85 (6.18) | 5.06 (4.85) | −0.194 | 0.847a | 0.950 |
| Change in attention/vigilance | 4.27 (5.45) | 1.59 (5.12) | 2.567 | 0.012a, * | 0.096 |
| Change in working memory | 1.38 (9.06) | 3.86 (7.19) | −1.540 | 0.127a | 0.508 |
| Change in verbal learning | 1.78 (6.75) | 1.98 (6.46) | −0.150 | 0.881a | 0.950 |
| Change in visual learning | 2.98 (6.50) | 3.06 (6.01) | −0.063 | 0.950a | 0.950 |
| Change in reasoning problem-solving | 3.27 (6.51) | 1.92 (5.65) | 1.121 | 0.265a | 0.707 |
| Change in social cognition | 1.51 (9.82) | −0.12 (9.17) | 0.862 | 0.391a | 0.782 |
| Change in composite | 4.31 (5.05) | 3.80 (4.22) | 0.542 | 0.589a | 0.942 |
Mean (with standard deviation in parentheses) are reported unless otherwise noted. BLT, bright light therapy; HDRS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; CESD, Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; PANAS, Positive and Negative Affect Scale; FDR, false discovery rate. †, The p value for gender distribution was obtained by chi-square test. a, the p values were obtained by independent-sample t-tests. *, p < 0.05, **, p < 0.01, ***, p < 0.001.