Fig. 2. GmPcide PS757 was active against S. pyogenes biofilm.

(A and B) Bacterial growth (A) and biofilm formation (B) of S. pyogenes HSC5 strain were measured in microplate assays for 24 hours using BHI medium, which identified 4, 7, and 24 hours as the time points for three different phases of S. pyogenes biofilm formation, including biofilm initiation, biofilm development, and fully mature biofilm. (C) At 4 hours, PS757 treatment at the concentrations of 0.7 and 1.0 μM prevented S. pyogenes HSC5 bacterial growth and biofilm formation in the initiation phase, respectively. (D) At 7 hours, PS757 treatment at the concentrations of 2.0 and 5.0 μM ceased S. pyogenes HSC5 bacterial growth and biofilm formation in the maturing phase, respectively. (E) At 24 hours, PS757 treatment at the bactericidal concentration of 20 μM eradicated mature S. pyogenes HSC5 biofilm. OD₆₀₀, optical density at 600; A595, absorbance at 595.