Table 5.

Benefits and challenges pertaining to the Integration of GAI in PHE.

Theme	Pointer	Details	Source
AI in Health Professional Education	Definition of AI	AI involves creating machines or software that can perform tasks requiring human intelligence, such as learning and problem-solving	Alves et al[17]
	AI Technologies	Includes machine learning, deep learning, NLP, and computer vision
	Potential Benefits	Personalized learning, intelligent tutoring, virtual simulation, automated grading
	Research Impact	Visualization techniques help comprehend the scientific structure and development of AI in healthcare education
Bibliometric Analysis	Study Characteristics	Bibliometric, descriptive, and retrospective study using PubMed data from 1990 to 2023
	Search Strategy	Used VOS viewer for term extraction and trends visualization
	Literature Volume	576 relevant references found, including clinical trials and meta-analyses
	Trends in Usage	Common in medical fields and educational levels, significant uptake in surgery after 2018
Ethical and Responsible AI Use	Ethical Considerations	Need for ethical, responsible AI design considering bias, privacy, and transparency
	Potential Challenges	Disadvantages may arise for some learners and within certain contexts	Lazarus et al[18]
Tensions in AI Integration	Anatomical Education Challenges	Human variations, healthcare practice, diversity, and social justice issues
	Student Support & Learning	Uncertainties in student support and learning when integrating AI
Recommendations for AI Use	Transparency and Diversity	Enhanced transparency, AI developer diversity, and inclusion of anatomical variations
	Educator and Curriculum Development	Educator awareness of AI benefits/limitations and “AI-free” curricular time
	Extending Human Capacities	Using AI to augment rather than replace human capacities in education