Table 1.
Studies that compared mastectomy with breast reconstruction and mastectomy alone
| Study authors | Year | Country | Study type | Groups | Total (n) | MBR (n) | MA (n) | Mental health scales used | Mental health impact: directionality of MBR vs. MA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| de Raaff et al. (9) | 2016 | Netherlands | Retrospective cross-sectional | MBR vs. MA | 139 | 34 | 105 | Beck | Positive |
| Li et al. (10) | 2021 | China | Prospective cohort | MBR vs. MA | 152 | 102 | 50 | FACT-B, SAS, SDS | Positive |
| Szadowska-Szlachetka et al. (11) | 2013 | Poland | Retrospective cross-sectional | MBR vs. MA | 241 | 108 | 133 | Beck, EORTC | Positive |
| Tønseth et al. (12) | 2007 | Norway | Retrospective cross-sectional | MBR vs. MA | 58 | 34 | 24 | SF-36 | Positive |
| Fanakidou et al. (13) | 2018 | Greece | Retrospective cross-sectional | MBR vs. MA | 81 | 35 | 46 | DASS-21 | Positive |
| Fortunato et al. (14) | 2021 | Italy | Retrospective cross-sectional | MBR vs. MA | 328 | 172 | 156 | EORTC | Positive |
| Gardikiotis et al. (15) | 2016 | Romania | Retrospective cross-sectional | MBR vs. MA | 50 | 23 | 27 | SF-36 | Positive |
| Ismagilov et al. (16) | 2011 | Russia | Retrospective cross-sectional | MBR vs. MA | 374 | 132 | 242 | SF-36 | Positive |
| Bredicean et al. (17) | 2020 | Romania | Prospective cohort | MBR vs. MA | 64 | 36 | 28 | DASS-21 | Positive |
| Al-Ghazal et al. (18) | 2000 | UK | Retrospective cross-sectional | MBR vs. MA vs. BCS | 577 | 121 | 202 | HADS, RSE | Positive |
| Retrouvey et al. (19) | 2019 | Canada | Prospective cohort | MBR vs. MA vs. BCS | 303 | 70 | 78 | HADS, IES | Positive |
| Archangelo et al. (20) | 2019 | Brazil | Retrospective cross-sectional | MBR vs. MA vs. normal population | 90 | 30 | 30 | Beck | Positive |
| Rubino et al. (21) | 2007 | Italy | Prospective cohort | IBR vs. MA vs. normal pop | 99 | 33 | 33 | HAM-A, HAM-D | Positive |
| Hunsinger et al. (22) | 2016 | France | Retrospective cross-sectional | MBR vs. MA vs. normal population | 3,513 | 70 | 135 | SF-36 | Positive |
| Fernández-Delgado et al. (23) | 2008 | Spain | Retrospective cross-sectional | IBR vs. MA vs. normal pop | 377 | 263 | 114 | HADS, RSE | Positive |
| Pusic et al. (24) | 1999 | USA | Retrospective cross-sectional | MBR vs. MA vs. BCS | 267 | 102 | 71 | SF-36 | Positive |
| Kovačević et al. (25) | 2020 | Russia | Retrospective cross-sectional | MBR vs. MA vs. BCS | 425 | 54 | 256 | WHOQoL-Bref, FACT-B | Positive |
| Pérez-San-Gregorio et al. (26) | 2013 | Spain | Retrospective cross-sectional | MBR vs. MA vs. organ transplant vs. normal population | 706 | 36 | 36 | HADS | Positive |
| Holly et al. (27) | 2003 | UK | Retrospective cross-sectional | MBR vs. MA | 64 | 30 | 34 | HADS, RSE | Neutral |
| Wehrens et al. (28) | 2005 | Netherlands | Retrospective cross-sectional | MBR vs. MA | 222 | 67 | 155 | POMS | Neutral |
| Nicholson et al. (29) | 2007 | UK | Retrospective cross-sectional | MBR vs. MA vs. BCS | 99 | 39 | 46 | HADS, SF-36, DAS-59 | Neutral |
| Harcourt et al. (5) | 2003 | UK | Prospective cohort | Immediate BR vs. delayed BR vs. MA | 103 | 56 | 47 | HADS, EORTC | Neutral |
| Metcalfe et al. (30) | 2012 | Canada | Prospective cohort | Immediate BR vs. delayed BR vs. MA | 190 | 81 | 109 | BSI, IES | Neutral |
| Nano et al. (31) | 2005 | Australia | Retrospective cross-sectional | MBR vs. MA vs. BCS | 310 | 123 | 78 | FACT-B | Neutral |
| Clark et al. (32) | 2011 | UK | Prospective cohort | MBR vs. MA | 133 | 29 | 104 | HADS | Negative |
| Adachi et al. (33) | 2007 | Japan | Retrospective cross-sectional | MBR vs. MA vs. BCS | 102 | 11 | 25 | POMS | Negative |
MBR, mastectomy with breast reconstruction; MA, mastectomy alone; FACT-B, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy – Breast; BSI, brief symptom inventory; SAS, Self-rating Anxiety Scale; SDS, Self-rating Depression Scale; EORTC, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Instruments; SF-36, Short Form – 36 items; DASS-21, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale – 21 items; BCS, breast-conserving surgery; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; RSE, Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale; IES, Impact of Events Scale; IBR, immediate breast reconstruction; HAM-A, Hamilton Anxiety Ranking Scale; HAM-D, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; WHOQoL-Bref, World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Brief Version; POMS, Profile of Mood States; DAS-59, Derriford Appearance Scale 59.