Table 2.
Studies that compared immediate versus delayed breast reconstruction
| Study authors | Year | Country | Study type | Groups | Total (n) | Immediate (n) | Delayed (n) | Mental Health scales used | Mental health impact: directionality of immediate vs. delayed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhong et al. (34) | 2016 | Canada | Prospective cohort | Immediate vs. delayed | 106 | 30 | 76 | HADS, SF-36 | Positive |
| Atisha et al. (35) | 2008 | USA | Prospective cohort | Immediate vs. delayed | 173 | 116 | 57 | SF-36, FACT-B | Positive |
| Wellisch et al. (36) | 1985 | USA | Retrospective cross-sectional | Immediate vs. delayed | 63 | 25 | 38 | BSI | Positive |
| Fernández-Delgado et al. (23) | 2008 | Spain | Retrospective cross-sectional | Immediate vs. delayed vs. MA | 375 | 194 | 110 | HADS, RSE | Positive |
| Al-Ghazal et al. (18) | 2000 | UK | Retrospective cross-sectional | Immediate vs. delayed | 121 | 38 | 83 | HADS, RSE | Positive |
| Göktaş et al. (37) | 2011 | Israel | Retrospective cross-sectional | Immediate vs. delayed | 51 | 28 | 23 | SCL-R90 | Positive |
| Wilkins et al. (38) | 2000 | USA | Prospective cohort | Compared both immediate vs. delayed, and autologous vs. implant | 273 | 161 | 89 | SF-36, FACT-B | Positive |
| Franchelli et al. (39) | 1995 | Italy | Retrospective cross-sectional | Compared both immediate vs. delayed, and autologous vs. implant | 102 | 34 | 68 | PDI, STAI | Positive |
| Metcalfe et al. (30) | 2012 | Canada | Prospective cohort | Immediate vs. delayed vs. MA | 190 | 24 | 57 | BSI, IES | Neutral |
| Agius et al. (40) | 2016 | Malta | Retrospective cross-sectional | Compared both immediate vs. delayed, and autologous vs. implant | 42 | NA | NA | SF-36 | Neutral |
| Rubino et al. (21) | 2007 | Italy | Prospective cohort | Compared both immediate vs. delayed, and autologous vs. implant | 33 | 21 | 12 | HAM-A, HAM-D | Neutral |
| Juhl et al. (41) | 2017 | Denmark | Retrospective cross-sectional | Immediate vs. delayed | 144 | 27 | 117 | BDI, IES | Neutral |
| Harcourt et al. (5) | 2003 | UK | Prospective cohort | Immediate vs. delayed vs. MA | 103 | 37 | 10 | HADS, EORTC | Negative |
| Roth et al. (42) | 2005 | USA | Prospective cohort | Immediate vs. delayed | 238 | 151 | 87 | SF-36, BSI, FACT-B | Negative |
HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; SF-36, Short Form – 36 items; FACT-B, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy – Breast; BSI, Brief Symptom Inventory; RSE, Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale; SCL-R90, Symptom Checklist-90-Revised; PDI, psychological distress inventory; STAI, State Trait Anxiety Inventory; MA, mastectomy alone; IES, Impact of Events Scale; HAM-A, Hamilton Anxiety Ranking Scale; HAM-D, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; BDI, Beck’s Depression Inventory; EORTC, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Instruments.