Table 3.
Growth Curve Models Predicting Occupational Prestige Among Women
| Model 1: Basic Model | Model 2: Household Dynamics | Model 3: Work Arrangements | Model 4: Human Capital | Model 5: With Legal Pathways | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Exposure to Unauthorized Status | −10.166*** | −9.462*** | −9.047*** | −3.599† | −3.759† |
| (2.290) | (2.260) | (2.217) | (2.028) | (2.218) | |
| Wave 1 | 4.265*** | 4.274*** | −3.129 | −1.438 | −5.875 |
| (1.113) | (1.112) | (4.888) | (4.907) | (5.849) | |
| Wave 2 | 9.421*** | 9.370*** | 3.889 | 5.931 | 4.161 |
| (1.043) | (1.041) | (6.107) | (6.036) | (6.407) | |
| Exposure to Unauthorized Status*Wave 1 | −1.986 | −1.988 | −3.064 | −2.950 | −1.429 |
| (1.889) | (1.888) | (1.959) | (1.938) | (2.379) | |
| Exposure to Unauthorized Status*Wave 2 | −3.860* | −3.909* | −4.226* | −4.084* | −3.824† A |
| (1.799) | (1.796) | (1.891) | (1.853) | (2.286) | |
| Household Dynamics | |||||
| Married | 5.289*** | 5.277*** | 3.545** | 3.385* | |
| (1.543) | (1.524) | (1.334) | (1.314) | ||
| Has Children | −8.954*** | −8.759*** | −3.296* | −2.814† | |
| (1.653) | (1.631) | (1.453) | (1.440) | ||
| Household Size | −0.314 | −0.308 | −0.003 | 0.011 | |
| (0.404) | (0.399) | (0.361) | (0.356) | ||
| Occupational Tenure | |||||
| Years in Job | 0.444 | 0.324 | 0.126 | ||
| (0.519) | (0.502) | (0.505) | |||
| Years in Job Squared | −0.011 | −0.008 | 0.001 | ||
| (0.026) | (0.025) | (0.025) | |||
| Wave 1*Years in Job | 0.835 | 0.834 | 0.918 | ||
| (0.628) | (0.610) | (0.625) | |||
| Wave 2*Years in Job | 0.068 | 0.019 | 0.137 | ||
| (0.827) | (0.797) | (0.798) | |||
| Wave 1*Years in Job Squared | −0.023 | −0.024 | −0.025 | ||
| (0.033) | (0.032) | (0.032) | |||
| Wave 2*Years in Job Squared | 0.015 | 0.015 | 0.009 | ||
| (0.035) | (0.034) | (0.034) | |||
| Contingent Work Arrangements | |||||
| Hours Worked per Week | 0.366* | 0.389* | 0.344* | ||
| (0.151) | (0.148) | (0.148) | |||
| Hours Worked per Week Sq. | −0.004** | −0.004** | −0.004** | ||
| (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | |||
| Wave 1*Hours Worked per Week | 0.110 | 0.051 | 0.051 | ||
| (0.181) | (0.180) | (0.182) | |||
| Wave 2*Hours Worked per Week | −0.111 | −0.149 | −0.097 | ||
| (0.195) | (0.188) | (0.188) | |||
| Wave 1*Hours Worked per Week Sq. | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||
| (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | |||
| Wave 2*Hours Worked per Week Sq. | 0.004* | 0.004* | 0.003* A | ||
| (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | |||
| Human Capital | |||||
| Years of Education Outside the U.S. | 1.058*** | 0.980*** | |||
| (0.178) | (0.176) | ||||
| Pre-Migration Occupational Prestige | 0.021 | 0.017 | |||
| (0.021) | (0.021) | ||||
| Childhood Income (Below Average Omitted) | |||||
| Average Childhood Income | 0.860 | 1.061 | |||
| (1.443) | (1.439) | ||||
| Above Average Childhood Income | 2.641 | 2.619 | |||
| (1.790) | (1.786) | ||||
| Lived in Rural Environment as Child | −2.249† | −2.513* | |||
| (1.212) | (1.198) | ||||
| Gave to Social Groups Before U.S. | 0.971 | 0.259 | |||
| (1.221) | (1.213) | ||||
| Any Education in the U.S. | 7.055*** | 7.257*** | |||
| (1.545) | (1.517) | ||||
| English Language Fluency (Not at All Omitted) | |||||
| Not Well | −2.428 | −1.854 | |||
| (1.854) | (1.838) | ||||
| Well | 5.269* | 3.936† | |||
| (2.246) | (2.211) | ||||
| Very Well | 12.971*** | 10.528*** | |||
| (2.329) | (2.341) | ||||
| Legal Pathways (Legalization Omitted) | |||||
| Family Reunification | −0.143 | ||||
| (2.903) | |||||
| Employment | 6.369† A | ||||
| (3.438) | |||||
| Diversity | −7.512† | ||||
| (3.977) | |||||
| Humanitarian | −2.414 | ||||
| (3.950) | |||||
| Constant | 30.179** | 20.137* | 18.765† | −6.035 | −1.444 |
| (9.703) | (9.750) | (10.323) | (9.767) | (10.102) | |
|
| |||||
| N of Individuals | 863 | ||||
| N of Person-Waves | 1,958 | ||||
†
p<.10
*
p<.05
**
p<.01
***
p<.001
Notes: Superscript A refers to significant differences between male and female models at the p<.05 level. All models contain demographic characteristics, including self-identified race, region of origin, age, age squared, U.S. region, and the final wave interview year. The final model includes a cross-level interaction between the pathways and wave.