Table 4.
Growth Curve Models Predicting Occupational Prestige Among Men
| Model 1: Basic Model | Model 2: Household Dynamics | Model 3: Work Arrangements | Model 4: Human Capital | Model 5: Legal Pathways | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Exposure to Unauthorized Status | −16.353*** | −16.098*** | −15.958*** | −10.297*** | −8.102*** |
| (2.011) | (2.009) | (2.024) | (1.841) | (1.909) | |
| Wave 1 | 2.117* | 2.110* | −8.588 | −8.980+ | −8.042 |
| (0.875) | (0.875) | (5.355) | (5.298) | (5.982) | |
| Wave 2 | 4.403*** | 4.396*** | −6.827 | −4.922 | −2.505 |
| (0.823) | (0.822) | (4.932) | (4.758) | (5.183) | |
| Exposure to Unauthorized Status*Wave 1 | 4.457** | 4.452** | 4.291** | 4.389** | 4.184* |
| (1.458) | (1.458) | (1.568) | (1.557) | (1.868) | |
| Exposure to Unauthorized Status*Wave 2 | 5.100*** | 5.149*** | 4.206** | 4.316** | 3.215† A |
| (1.427) | (1.428) | (1.570) | (1.539) | (1.802) | |
| Household Dynamics | |||||
| Married | 4.226* | 3.607* | 2.137 | 1.620 | |
| (1.790) | (1.760) | (1.504) | (1.445) | ||
| Has Children | −5.303*** | −5.279*** | −3.627** | −3.728** | |
| (1.572) | (1.541) | (1.300) | (1.248) | ||
| Household Size | −0.777* | −0.827* | −0.217 | −0.031 | |
| (0.375) | (0.369) | (0.310) | (0.297) | ||
| Occupational Tenure | |||||
| Years in Job | 1.643*** | 1.366** | 0.845† | ||
| (0.445) | (0.436) | (0.479) | |||
| Years in Job Squared | −0.078** | −0.057* | −0.031 | ||
| (0.029) | (0.029) | (0.030) | |||
| Wave 1*Years in Job | −0.882† | −0.709 | −0.410 | ||
| (0.452) | (0.445) | (0.495) | |||
| Wave 2*Years in Job | −0.574 | −0.495 | −0.180 | ||
| (0.472) | (0.464) | (0.526) | |||
| Wave 1*Years in Job Squared | 0.057† | 0.041 | 0.020 | ||
| (0.029) | (0.029) | (0.031) | |||
| Wave 2*Years in Job Squared | 0.060* | 0.045 | 0.024 A | ||
| (0.029) | (0.029) | (0.031) | |||
| Contingent Work Arrangements | |||||
| Hours Worked per Week | −0.009 | 0.009 | 0.011 | ||
| (0.151) | (0.148) | (0.143) | |||
| Hours Worked per Week Squared | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | ||
| (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | |||
| Wave 1*Hours Worked per Week | 0.412† | 0.427* | 0.403† | ||
| (0.214) | (0.211) | (0.211) | |||
| Wave 2*Hours Worked per Week | 0.258 | 0.218 | 0.214 | ||
| (0.185) | (0.180) | (0.175) | |||
| Wave 1*Hours Worked per Week Sq. | −0.003 | −0.003 | −0.003 | ||
| (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | |||
| Wave 2*Hours Worked per Week Sq. | −0.002 | −0.002 | −0.002 | ||
| (0.002) | (0.002) | (0.002) | |||
| Human Capital | |||||
| Years of Education Outside the U.S. | 0.999*** | 0.876*** | |||
| (0.121) | (0.117) | ||||
| Pre-Migration Occupational Prestige | 0.081*** | 0.069*** | |||
| (0.019) | (0.018) | ||||
| Childhood Income (Below Average Omitted) | |||||
| Average Childhood Income | 0.429 | 0.581 | |||
| (1.218) | (1.165) | ||||
| Above Average Childhood Income | 4.316** | 3.585* | |||
| (1.524) | (1.469) | ||||
| Lived in Rural Environment as Child | −1.955† | −1.759† | |||
| (1.052) | (1.010) | ||||
| Gave to Social Groups Before U.S. | 2.396* | 1.375 | |||
| (1.025) | (0.988) | ||||
| Any Education in the U.S. | 8.471*** | 7.785*** | |||
| (1.323) | (1.273) | ||||
| English Language Fluency (Speaks English Not at All Omitted) | |||||
| Not Well | 0.077 | 0.915 | |||
| (2.141) | (2.042) | ||||
| Well | 8.219*** | 7.645*** | |||
| (2.273) | (2.172) | ||||
| Very Well | 16.692*** | 14.354*** | |||
| (2.497) | (2.346) | ||||
| Legal Pathways (Legalization Omitted) | |||||
| Family Reunification | 1.194 | ||||
| (2.648) | |||||
| Employment | 14.489*** A | ||||
| (2.663) | |||||
| Diversity | −3.146 | ||||
| (3.263) | |||||
| Humanitarian | −5.239 | ||||
| (3.265) | |||||
| Constant | 16.550* | 15.655* | 18.062* | 6.594 | 10.336 |
| (7.501) | (7.808) | (8.430) | (7.539) | (7.909) | |
|
| |||||
| Number of Persons | 1,324 | ||||
| Number of Person-Waves | 3,084 | ||||
†
p<.10
*
p<.05
**
p<.01
***
p<.001
Notes: Superscript A refers to significant differences between male and female models at the p<.05 level. All models contain demographic characteristics, including self-identified race, region of origin, age, age squared, years in the U.S., U.S. region, and the final wave interview year. The final model includes a cross-level interaction between the pathways and wave.