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. 2024 Aug 2;15:6540. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-50949-y

Fig. 4. Shotgun lipidomics profiling of LDAH’s impact on the foam cell’s lipidome.

Fig. 4

A, B Summary of the effects of LDAH deficiency and overexpression on the lipidome of PM treated with oxLDL (50 μg/ml) for 48 h. A Heat map. Each column represents the ratios of independent LDAH-KO (K) and LDAH-Tg (T) samples over the average of their respective wild-type (WT) controls. B Average lipid ratios in LDAH-KO (n = 4) vs. WT (n = 5) controls (KO/WT) and LDAH-Tg (n = 6) vs. WT controls (n = 6) (Tg/WT). Lipids significantly and inversely regulated under LDAH deficiency and overexpression are shown in red. C Effects of LDAH on individual cholesterol ester species. Red bars represent the mean ratio ± SEM of LDAH-KO (n = 4) over WT control (n = 5) independent samples. Blue bars represent the ratio of LDAH-Tg (n = 6) over WT (n = 6) control. The first number in the parenthesis represents the number of carbons of the fatty acid esterified to the sterol, and the number after the colon represents the number of double bonds. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001 by two-tailed unpaired t-test (normally distributed with equal variances), two-tailed Welch’s t-test (normally distributed with unequal variances), or two-tailed Mann-Whitney U (not normally distributed). CE cholesterol ester, CER ceramide, CL cardiolipin, DAG diacylglycerol, FC free cholesterol, MAG monoacylglycerol, PA phosphatidic acid, PC phosphatidylcholine, PE phosphatidylethanolamine, PG phosphatidylglycerol, PI phosphatidylinositol, PS phosphatidylserine, SM sphingomyelin, TAG triacylglycerol. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.