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. 2024 Aug 3;14:17981. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-68447-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Force plots for participants with a predicted probability of developing low pectoralis muscle area greater than the mean probability of the random forest combined model’s training set. Force plots for 5 randomly selected participants from the combined random forest classification model’s training set (n = 168) with a predicted probability of developing low pectoralis muscle area (PMA) greater than the mean probability of the combined model’s training set (0.337). Each predictor has a Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) value that indicates the predictors' impact on the probability of developing low PMA. Red and blue indicate whether the impact is positive or negative respectively. Five clinical measures were used: age, gender, pack years, weight, and height. Eight feature selected biomarkers for predicting the development of low PMA were used: Histone acetyltransferase type B catalytic subunit (Hat1), Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), Lymphotoxin alpha 1/ beta 2 (Lymphotoxin a1/b2), Growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), Cell adhesion molecule-related/down-regulated by oncogenes (CDON), Neurexophilin-1 (NXPH1), Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1), and EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 1 (EFEMP1).