Table 4.

Summary of studies that investigated risk factors for AVF after PVP or PKP.

Reference	Country	Study type	Intervention	Sample size	Variables with significant difference
Qian et al. 202326	China	Retrospective study	PVP	332	BMD, bone cement leakage, bone cement distribution
Chen et al. 202327	China	Retrospective study	PVP	229	Bone cement volume, fat infiltration rate of multifidus, CSAA of multifidus and erector spinae
Mao et al. 202328	China	Retrospective study	PKP	436	Gender, age, BMD, number of surgical vertebrae, cement volume, diabetes, hypertension, cement leakage, duration of anti-osteoporosis treatment, TL junction
Tao et al. 202214	China	Retrospective study	PKP	445	BMD, kyphosis angle, cement distribution, disc degeneration
Matsumoto et al. 202129	Japan	Retrospective study	PKP	65	Age, previous vertebral fracture, local kyphosis
Chen et al. 202030	China	Retrospective study	PKP	102	Diabetic status, changed of Cobb angle
Ko et al. 201922	Korea	Retrospective study	PKP	123	Cement leakage into the disc
Takahashi et al. 201921	Japan	Prospective study	PKP	109	Wedge angle before surgery, correction degree of wedge angle, old OVCF presence, TL level
Li et al. 201715	China	Retrospective study	PVP	390	BMD, duration of menopause, preoperative multi-level vertebral fractures
Takahara et al. 201618	Japan	Retrospective study	PVP	61	Age, BMD
Yang et al. 201613	China	Retrospective study	PKP	139	BMD, balloon volume, recovery rate of vertebral height, cement volume, cement leakage
Spross et al. 201411	Switzerland	Retrospective study	PKP	375	Preoperative segmental kyphosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease
Wang et al. 201419	China	Retrospective study	PVP/PKP	358	Age, BMD, intravertebral cleft

BMD bone mineral density, PVP percutaneous vertebroplasty, PKP percutaneous kyphoplasty, OVCF osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture, CSAA cross-sectional area asymmetry, TL thoracolumbar.