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. 2024 Aug 3;15:6574. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-50937-2

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Side-view schematic of the experimental system: 2D confined magnetic particles with moment m aligned with an external field H forming a triangular lattice in a bacterial bath powered by green light. b Microscope snapshots of the assembly of the active magnetic solid in a bacterial bath, before and after applying a magnetic field (Supplementary Movie 1). c Microscope snapshot of an assembled magnetic solid in a bacterial bath after equilibration (Supplementary Movie 2). Corresponding trajectories of the passive (Light OFF) and active crystal (Light ON) in the enlarged area of the highlighted box in orange (top). Bath activity, specifically calculated using the relative variance of bacteria local density (bottom). All scale bars are 20 μm.