Table 1. A summary of recent research regarding the effect of RF-EMR and ELF-EMF exposure on animal CNS.

Source	Freq.	Instrument	Dose	Exp. duration	Animal	Evaluation methods	Outcomes	Ref.
RF-EMR	900 MHz	Signal generator and dipole antenna – implanted electrode arrays	8 dBm	3 h/d for 6 days – continues for 4 weeks	Wistar rats	TMT EI	-Short-term exposure to RF-EMR may lead to temporary changes in brain function.	148
	2.45 GHz	Wi-Fi router	0.0032 mW/cm2	2 h/d for 45 days	Sprague Dawley rats	PAT RMT ES	-Positive impact on learning, memory, and LTP induction -Reducing the cell loss without affecting the BST	149
	916 MHz	Microwave generator and monopole antenna – Implanted electrode array	10 W/m2	6 h/d for 5 days	Wistar rats	EI MWM HPNA	-Impacts on learning ability and memory -Subjects were capable of adapting to long-term EMF exposure.	150
	900 MHz	UHF oscillator and half-wave dipole antenna	300 mW	1 h/d for 25 days	Sprague Dawley rat	OORT HPNA SLMA LA	Exposure in early and mid-adolescence does not alter memory, learning, or locomotor behavior.	151
	1.5 and 2.856 GHz	Microwave sources	10 mW/cm2	6 min	Wistar rat	MWM EEG GEA	-Reduced spatial memory - Attributed to cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) related pathways	152
	1.5 GHz	Microwaves transmitted through the rectangular waveguide	5, 30, and 50 mW/cm2	6 min	Wistar rat	SLMA HPNA GEA EEG	- Spatial memory dysfunction -Changing in hippocampal structure - Protein level alteration	153
	2.856 and 9.375 GHz	Microwave sources	10 mW/cm2	6 m/d and 5 d/w for 6 weeks	Wistar rat	SLMA PNA GEA BPHA	-Varying degrees of impairment in spatial learning and memory - Disturbance in EEG -Damaging in the hippocampus structural	154
	1.5 and 4.3 GHz	Microwaves transmitted through the rectangular waveguide	10 mW/cm2	6 min	Wistar rat	MWM EEG HPNA BPA	-Cognitive impairment and damage to the hippocampal tissue -Caused more serious injuries for combined radiation with both frequencies - Microwave frequency did not impact the damaging effects.	64
ELF-EMF	50 Hz	Helmholtz coil	1 mT	2 h/d for 28 Days	Sprague Dawley rats	MWM GEA HPNA	-Enhancing the neurogenesis of the hippocampus in rats with cerebral ischemia -Influencing the notch signaling pathway.	144
	50 Hz	Helmholtz coil	250-500 μT	15 hour (short-term) 15 h/d for 4 days (long-term)	Wistar rat	Electrophysiological recording on slices	- Noteworthy impacts on synaptic activity. - Changes depend on synaptic structure, neuronal network, and ELF-EMF parameters.	155
	50 Hz	Solenoid coil	1 mT	3.5 h/d for 6 days	C57bl/6 rat	BrdU injection –IFA NOR – MWM	- Improving the survival of newborn neurons -Enhancing spatial learning and memory	156
	12 Hz	The variable magnetic field generator	0.7 μT	4 h/d for 30 days	Wrhesus macaquesistar monkey	VL VM VWM	- Affecting VL and VWM -Enhancing the cognitive abilities of monkeys.	157
	100 Hz	Magnetotherapy device	10 mT	1 h	Wistar rat	OORT MWM ES	A potential therapy that could help with learning and memory deficits caused by seizures.	158
	50 Hz	Solenoid coil	1 mT	6 h/d for 6 Days	BALB/c rats	MWM IHC WB	- Potentially benefit the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions - A new therapeutic approach in regenerative medicine	143

Abbreviations: 2-VO, Two-vessel occlusion; BPHA, Blood-plasma and hormone assays; BST, Basal synaptic transmission; EEG, Electroencephalography; EI, Electrode implantation; EPW, Elevated plus maze test; ES, Electrophysiological examination; FWUA, Food and water utilization analysis; GEA, Genes expression assays; HPNA, Hippocampal physical; physiological and neurological analysis; LA, Locomotor analysis; MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging; IFA, Immunofluorescence assay; MWM, Morris water maze; OORT, Open-field and object recognition test; PAT, Passive avoidance test; PSM, Physical and structural status monitoring; RMT, Radial arm maze test; SLMA, Spatial learning and memory analysis; SPA, Synaptic plasticity analysis; TMT, T-maze task; VL, Visual learning; VM, visual memory; VWM, visual working memory; IHC, Immunohistochemistry; WB, Western Blot