Table 2.

Main multimodal imaging features and etiology of five types of OVAs.

OVA types	Carotid/intracranial arterial DSA	Multimodal imaging features			Etiology
		Slit-lamp photo	Color fundus photo	Imaging features of OA on CTA
1	No visualization of the proximal trunk OA	Mydriasis	Pale optic disc/retina/choroid, retinal intra-arterial emboli, punctate hemorrhage on the retinal surface	No visualization of the proximal trunk OA	Autologous fat induced OAO
2	Poor visualization of the distal trunk OA and most distal branches	Uveitis, iris atrophy, pigmentation on the lens surface, mydriasis	Pale optic disc/retina/choroid, retinal intra-arterial emboli, triangular choroidal non-perfused areas	Poor or no visualization of the distal trunk OA	HA-induced incomplete OAO
3	No visualization of the distal trunk OA	Conjunctival congestion, cornea edema, hyphema, uveitis, iris neovascularization	Optic atrophy, extensive retinal artery occlusion	No visualization of the distal trunk OA	HA-induced or atherosclerotic occlusion of distal OA
4	Reversed visualization of blood flow in the trunk OA	Mydriasis, hyphema, iris neovascularization	Optic disc neovascularization, retinal artery occlusion and cotton wool spots, pale optic disc/retina, vitreous hemorrhage	Poor visualization of the distal trunk OA	Ipsilateral internal carotid artery occlusion or severe stenosisa
5	Visualization of the narrowed trunk OA	Mydriasis	Swollen and hemorrhagic optic disc, RAO with pallor edema in the corresponding blood supply retina, Optic disc neovascularization, vitreous hemorrhage	Poor or no visualization of the distal trunk OA	Variety degrees of stenosis of the ipsilateral ICA or OA

CTA, computed tomographic angiography; DSA, digital subtraction angiography; HA, hyaluronic acid; ICA, internal carotid artery; OA, ophthalmic artery; OAO, ophthalmic artery occlusion; OVA, ocular vascular accident; RAO, retinal artery occlusion.

^aSevere stenosis of ipsilateral ICA indicates 70–99% stenosis of ipsilateral ICA.