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. 2024 Aug 5;9:195. doi: 10.1038/s41392-024-01913-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Microbial dysbiosis in patients with CKD progression. a α-diversity (Chao, ACE, Shannon and Simpson indexes) in controls and five stages of CKD patients (control, n = 80/group; CKD1, n = 81/group; CKD2, n = 80/group; CKD3, n = 79/group; CKD4, n = 79/group; CKD5, n = 81/group). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 compared with healthy controls. b PCoA based on unweighted UniFrac in controls and five stages of CKD patients. c Cladogram presented crucial bacteria with an evolutionary relationship associated with CKD based on linear discriminant analysis effect size. Each circle showed a classification level from phylum to species, from the inner to outer circles. The size of each circle is proportional to relative abundance. d Associations between 4 significantly changed bacteria at the phylum level and 25 physiological and biochemical indexes in patients with CKD. e Associations between 6 significantly changed bacteria at the class level and 25 physiological and biochemical indexes in patients with CKD. f Associations between 11 significantly changed bacteria at the order level and 25 physiological and biochemical indexes in patients with CKD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01