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. 2024 Aug 5;9:195. doi: 10.1038/s41392-024-01913-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Significantly altered indole metabolites of tryptophan are correlated with renal function decline in the adenine-induced CRF rats. a The geometric mean ratio of each variable in CRF rats versus control rats was presented in positive and negative ion modes. b Pie chart based on 314 serum metabolites from control and CRF rats. c Pie chart based on 102 amino acid metabolites from control and CRF rats. d z-score plot of 314 metabolites in control and CRF rats. Each point represents an individual metabolite in one sample. Z-score plots for the data are normalized to the mean of control samples. e The associations between creatinine levels and intensities of tryptophan metabolites in CRF rats. Metabolites were selected based on r > 0.800. f Top metabolites presented by VIP scores based on classification method of linear support vector machines by feature ranking method of support vector machines built-in. Support vector machines models were constructed with tryptophan and its 39 metabolites from control and CRF rats. Red and blue indicate increased and decreased levels, respectively. g Analysis of PLS-DA based ROC curves of 4 tryptophan metabolites by gut microbiota in control and CRF rats. h Analysis of PLS-DA based ROC curves of 4 tryptophan metabolites by host in control and CRF rats