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. 2024 Aug 5;9:195. doi: 10.1038/s41392-024-01913-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — The renoprotective effect of IAld and L. johnsonii administration were associated with inhibiting AHR signaling pathway. a Serum creatinine and urea levels and CCr in the control, CRF and different doses of IAld-treated CRF rats. b Images of H&E-stained kidney tissues in the control, CRF and IAld-treated CRF rats. Scale bar, 70 μm. c Images of Masson’s trichrome-stained kidney tissues in the control, CRF and IAld-treated CRF rats. Scale bar, 90 μm. d Immunohistochemical findings with anti-α-SMA of kidney tissues in the control, CRF and IAld-treated CRF rats. Scale bar, 70 μm. e Protein expression of collagen I, α-SMA, fibronectin and E-cadherin of kidney tissues in control, CRF and IAld-treated CRF rats. f Quantitative analysis of collagen I, α-SMA, fibronectin and E-cadherin of kidney tissues in the control, CRF and IAld-treated CRF rats. g Protein expression of collagen I, α-SMA, fibronectin and E-cadherin of kidney tissues in the Sham, UUO and IAld-treated UUO rats. h Quantitative analysis of collagen I, α-SMA, fibronectin and E-cadherin of kidney tissues in the Sham, UUO and IAld-treated UUO rats. i The mRNA levels of AHR and its target genes including CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1 and COX-2 of kidney tissues in the control, CRF and different doses of IAld-treated CRF rats. j Immunohistochemical analysis with anti-AHR of kidney tissues in the control and CRF rats. k Protein expression of AHR in cytoplasm and nuclei of kidney tissues in the control, CRF and IAld-treated CRF rats. l Quantitative analysis of AHR expression in cytoplasm and nuclei of kidney tissues in the control, CRF and IAld-treated CRF rats. m Obstructed intrarenal mRNA levels of AHR and its target genes including CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1 and COX-2 in the Sham, UUO and IAld-treated UUO rats. n Protein expression of AHR in cytoplasm and nuclei of kidney tissues in the Sham, UUO and IAld-treated UUO rats. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 compared with control or sham rats (n = 6/group). ^#P < 0.05; ^##P < 0.01 compared with CRF or UUO rats (n = 6/group). Data are represented as mean ± SEM