Fig. 1.

Characterization of the dECM material. (A) HE staining images of the native and dECM materials. (B) Masson and EVG staining images, and SEM images of the native and dECM materials. (C) Gel electrophoresis depicts the size of DNA fragments remaining between the native and dECM materials. (D) PicoGreen for the DNA concentration between the native and dECM materials. (E) Direct contact cytotoxicity analysis. The viability of fibroblasts after contact with the dECM material was determined via trypan blue staining. Sterile gauze containing 10 % SDS (m/v) and plain sterile gauze were used as the positive and negative controls, respectively. (F–J) Extract contact cytotoxicity test. The viability of fibroblasts in contact with the dECM material extract was determined using a CCK-8 assay (F). (G) Representative images of fibroblasts stained with Calcein-AM (green) and PI (red). (H) Statistical analyses of viabilities according to the stain of Calcein-AM/PI. (I) Representative images of phalloidin staining and quantitative results of cell length-width ratio (J). Complete medium without dECM was placed under the same conditions during the extraction as a control group. ns = not significant, ****p ≤ 0.0001. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)