Table 3. Risk factors for severe diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at diagnosis of T1D.

Variables	Severe DKA		Mild/no DKA		Univariate			Multivariate
	n	%	n	%	OR	95% CI	P value	OR	95% CI	P value
Age at diagnosis (years.)					2.31	1.59 to 3.36	<0.001	2.50	1.24 to 5.06	0.010
<10	104	51.7	97	48.3
≥10	90	31.7	194	68.3
Sex					1.50	1.04 to 2.17	0.028	1.52	0.77 to 3.00	0.226
Girl	103	45.2	125	54.8
Boy	91	35.4	166	64.6
HbA1c (mmol/mol %)					5.91	3.85 to 9.09	<0.001	2.79	1.26 to 6.17	0.012
> 86 (>10%)	158	56	124	44
≤ 86 (≤10%)	36	17.7	167	82.3
Plasma glucose (mmol/L)					4.78	3.22 to 7.09	<0.001	2.18	1.01 to 4.69	0.047
≥ 22.2	138	58.2	99	41.8
< 22.2	56	22.6	192	77.4
C-peptide (pmol/L)					2.14	1.15 to 4.00	0.016	1.27	0.63 to 2.59	0.503
<200	36	46.2	42	53.8
≥200	28	28.6	70	71.4
Autoimmune T1D, n (%)					1.45	0.62 to 3.47	0.387
Positive	30	39.0	47	61.0
Negative	11	30.6	25	69.4
Appraisal interval (days)					1.13	0.79 to 1.63	0.504
>12	106	41.4	150	58.6
≤12	88	38.4	141	61.6
Total diagnosis interval (days)					1.00	0.70 to 1.44	1.000
>18	104	40	156	60
≤18	90	40	135	60
Family history of T1D					0.97	0.54 to 1.73	0.911
Positive (familial T1D)	24	39.3	37	60.7
Negative (sporadic T1D)	170	40.1	254	59.9

HbA1c (mmol/mol, SI units); plasma glucose (mmol/L).

Severe DKA: DKA with confirmed severe acidosis or from hospital records during admission; autoimmune T1D: autoantibody-positive diabetes; appraisal interval: time between onset of symptoms and decision to seek medical help; total diagnosis interval: time between onset of symptoms and treatment initiation; OR (95% CI): OR with 95% CI of independent risk factors for severe DKA and the values of p indicate the significance of risk association. A value of p<0.05 is statistically significant.

C-peptideconnecting peptideT1Dtype 1 diabetes