Table 2.

Baseline analgesic, sedative, and antipsychotic uses (n = 21).

Analgesics, sedatives, and antipsychotics	Value
PRN medications
IV or PO PRN opioids, n (%)
Fentanyl	6 (29)
Morphine	4 (19)
Hydromorphone	1 (5)
IV or PO PRN sedatives, n (%)
Midazolam	3 (14)
Lorazepam	2 (10)
Diazepam	1 (5)
IV or PO PRN antipsychotics, n (%)
Haloperidol	1 (5)
Atypical antipsychotics	1 (5)
IV or PO PRN medications, none, n (%)	9 (43)
ATC medications
IV, PO or transdermal ATC opioids, n (%)
Methadone	1 (5)
IV or PO ATC sedatives, n (%)
Lorazepam	1 (5)
Clobazam	1 (5)
IV or PO ATC medications, none, n (%)	18 (86)
Continuous infusions
Continuous infusion opioids, n (%)
Fentanyl	10 (48)
Morphine	3 (14)
Hydromorphone	1 (5)
Continuous infusion sedatives, n (%)
Midazolam	11 (52)
Dexmedetomidine	7 (33)
Propofol	3 (14)
Continuous infusion medications, none, n (%)	4 (19)
Adjunctive nonopioid analgesics and sedatives
No adjunctive agent, n (%)	12 (57)
Acetaminophen, n (%)	8 (38)
Lidocaine, n (%)	1 (5)
Baclofen, n (%)	1 (5)
Clonidine, n (%)	1 (5)

IV: intravenous; PO: by mouth; PRN: as needed; ATC: scheduled around the clock.