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. 2024 Aug 5;14:18051. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-67623-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Connectivity between African P. falciparum ancestral populations. (A, B) Principal component analysis (PCA) generated based on pairwise genetic distance matrices of 640,596 high-quality genome-wide SNPs from 363 P. falciparum isolates. (C) Pairwise identity-by-descent (IBD) connectivity plots for isolates with an F_ws value > 0.90 (n = 293).