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. 2023 Jun 26;54(8):2926–2945. doi: 10.1007/s10803-023-06026-2

Table 2.

Frequency of Night Wakings in Children with ASD Compared with Other Groups

Author(s) Age range Sample Size Tool used to measure sleep Relationship to Comparison Group
Diomedi et al., 1999 12–24 ASD, n = 10; TD, n = 8 PSG graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figa_HTML.gif
Hering et al., 1999 3–12 ASD, n = 8; TD, n = 8 Actigraphy graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figb_HTML.gif
Tani et al., 2003 26.5 ± 8.1 ASD, n = 20; TD, n = 10 BNSQ; sleep diary; free description via short essay graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figc_HTML.gif
Tani et al., 2004 20 +  ASD, n = 20; TD, n = 10 PSG graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figd_HTML.gif
Allik et al., 2006a, 2006b 8.5–12.8 ASD, n = 32; TD, n = 32 Sleep diary; actigraphy; “sleep questionnaire” graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Fige_HTML.gif
Giannotti et al., 2006 2.6–9.6 ASD, n = 56; TD, n = 56 CSHQ graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figf_HTML.gif
Hare et al., 2006 20–58 ASD (+ ID), n = 14; ID, n = 17 Care giver sleep diary graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figg_HTML.gif
Hoffman et al., 2006 4–16 autism, n = 106; TD, n = 168 CSHQ graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figh_HTML.gif
Bruni et al., 2007 7–15 Asperger, n = 10; autism, n = 12; TD, n = 12 PSG; Bruni questionnaire, PDSS, graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figi_HTML.gif
Miano et al., 2007 3.7–19 31 Sleep questionnaire; PSG graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figj_HTML.gif
Allik et al., 2008 11.2–15.6 ASD, n = 16; TD, n = 16 Actigraphy graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figk_HTML.gif
Giannotti et al., 2008 2–8 ASD, n = 104; TD, n = 162 CSHQ; Sleep diary; 21-channel EEG graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figl_HTML.gif
Krakowiak et al., 2008 3.6 years (standard deviation, 0.8 years) ASD, n = 303; DD, n = 63; TD, n = 163 CHARGE sleep history; CSHQ graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figm_HTML.gif
Goldman et al., 2009 4–10 ASD, n = 42; TD n = 16 CSHQ; PCQ; actigraphy; PSG graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Fign_HTML.gif
Goodlin-Jones et al., 2008 2–5.5 ASD, n = 68; DD, n = 57; TD, n = 69 CSHQ

DD

graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figo_HTML.gif

TD

graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figp_HTML.gif

Anders et al., 2011 2–5.5 ASD, n = 68; DD, n = 57; TD, n = 69 Actigraphy; sleep–wake diary

DD

graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figq_HTML.gif

TD

graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figr_HTML.gif

Anders et al., 2012 2–5.5 ASD, n = 69; DD, n = 57; TD = 69 Actigraphy; CSHQ; ESS; sleep diary

DD

graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figs_HTML.gif

TD

graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figt_HTML.gif

Humphreys et al., 2014 1.5–11 ASD, n = 39; TD, n = 7043 Parent questionnaires graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figu_HTML.gif
Baker & Richdale, 2015 21–44 HFASD, n = 36; TD, n = 36 Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; sleep wake diary; actigraphy graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figv_HTML.gif
Lane et al., 2015 1–6 ASD, n = 68; TD, n = 18;DD, n = 16 Continuous overnight PSG, blood work

DD

graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figw_HTML.gif

TD

graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figx_HTML.gif

Kheirouri et al., 2016 4–18 ASD, n = 35; TD, n = 31 CSHQ graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figy_HTML.gif
Aathira et al., 2017 3–10 ASD, n = 71; TD, n = 65 CSHQ; PSG graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figz_HTML.gif
Goldman et al., 2017 11–26 ASD, n = 28; TD, n = 13 ASWS; ASHS; actigraphy; melatonin level; cortisol level graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figaa_HTML.gif
Benson et al., 2019 18–35 ASD, n = 15; TD, n = 17 Actigraphy; PSQI; STOP-Bang; sleep diary graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figab_HTML.gif
Kelmanson, 2020 5 ASD, n = 18; TD, n = 54 CSHQ graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figac_HTML.gif
Trickett et al., 2018 2–15 ASD, n = 30; TD, n = 47 SPSQ graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figad_HTML.gif
Van der Heijden et al., 2018 6–12 ASD, n = 67; ADHD, n = 44; TD, n = 243 SDSC, parent reported sleep duration

ADHD

graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figae_HTML.gif

TD

graphic file with name 10803_2023_6026_Figaf_HTML.gif

ASD Autism Spectrum Disorder, TD Typically Developing, DD Developmental Delay; ID Intellectual Disability, HFASD High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder, PSG polysomnography, BNSQ Basic Nordic Sleep Questionnaire, CSHQ Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire, PDSS Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale, CHARGE Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and Environment study, PCQ Parental Concerns Questionnaire, ESS Epworth Sleepiness Scale, PSQI Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, ASWS Adolescent Sleep Wake Scale, ASHS Adolescent Sleep-Hygiene Scale, STOP-Bang Snoring, Tiredness, Observed Apnea, Blood Pressure, Body Mass Index, Age, Neck Size, Gender; SPSQ Simonds & Parraga Sleep Questionnaire, SDSC Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children

Key:—Higher (p > 0.05),Inline graphic—Higher (p < 0.05), Inline graphic—no differenceInline graphic,—Lower (p > 0.05), Inline graphic—Lower (p < 0.05) Inline graphic