Table 3.

Evaluation of Tools Used to Identify Night Wakings

First Author, Year	Age range	ASD Sample Size	Tool used to measure sleep	Results related to Night wakings
Goodlin-Jones et al., 2008	2–5	64	CSHQ; actigraphy;	CSHQ-Night Wakings significantly correlated with actigraphy
Sitnick et al., 2008	2–6	22	Actigraphy; video-somnography	Findings were 94% overall agreement, 97% sensitivity, and 24% specificity. Actigraphy has poor agreement for detecting nocturnal awakenings, compared to video observations
Malow et al., 2009	3–10	93	FISH; CSHQ	The night wakings subscale of the Family Inventory of Sleep Habits was significantly correlated with the CSHQ for TD but not the ASD group (p = .215)
Reed et al., 2009	3–10	20	CGI; CSHQ; actigraphy	Sleep CGI and CSHQ were correlated for night wakings (r = 0.40, p < .001). For each unit increase for CGI-S score, the CSHQ night wakings score increased by 0.647 units. The CGI-S did not show convergent validity with actigraphy measurements of WASO
Katz et al., 2018	4–10	2872	Modified CSHQ for autism;CSHQ	The shorter, modified version of the CSHQ appears useful for identifying night wakings in children with ASD

CSHQ Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire, FISH Family Inventory of Sleep Habits, CGI Pediatric Sleep Clinical Global Impressions Scale