Fig. 4.

Mendelian randomization assessing the genetic association of Lp(a) with NAFLD.

Forest plot of the Mendelian randomization results of Lp(a) with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Results of the MR IVW-fixed effects, IVW-random effects, MR Egger, weighted median, weighted mode, MR-PRESSO, MR Lasso, MR-Raps and MR-mix are provided. Odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals are shown. We found evidence for horizontal pleiotropy in the current analyses (I² index 48.6 % (CI = 23.8–65.3); Cochran's Q = 66, degrees of freedom (df) = 34, p = 0.0008; Q-Q’ = 0.19, df = 1, p = 0.661; MR-Egger intercept −0.0021 ± 0.0069, p = 0.759). There was no evidence for weak instrument bias in the MR-Egger regression (I²_GX = 0.99).MR: Mendelian randomization, IVW = inverse variance weighted, MR-PRESSO: Mendelian Randomization Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier, MR-RAPS: Mendelian randomization using the robust adjusted profile score, OR = odds ratio, CI = Confidence interval.