Table 1.
Characteristics of the Participants in This Cohort Study.
| Variable | Overall (n = 39) | DPP4i add-on group (n = 20) | SGLT2i add-on group (n = 19) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (male/female) | 20/19 | 11/9 | 9/10 | 0.75† |
| Age (years) | 64 ± 11 | 61 ± 12 | 67 ± 10 | 0.079‡ |
| ≥65 years of age, n (%) | 18 (46%) | 7 (35%) | 11 (58%) | 0.20† |
| <65 years of age, n (%) | 21 (54%) | 13 (65%) | 8 (42%) | 0.20† |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 12 ± 8 | 12 ± 7 | 12 ± 9 | 0.58‡ |
| Diabetes-associated complications | ||||
| Retinopathy | 4 | 2 | 2 | >0.99† |
| Neuropathy | 8 | 4 | 4 | >0.99† |
| Nephropathy | 11 | 3 | 8 | 0.082† |
| Medications for diabetes mellitus | ||||
| Metformin | 24 | 15 | 9 | 0.10† |
| Sulfonylurea | 10 | 6 | 4 | >0.99† |
| Insulin | 5 | 3 | 2 | >0.99† |
| α-Glucosidase inhibitor | 1 | 1 | 0 | >0.99† |
| Grip strength (kg) | 27.5 ± 9.6 | 30.3 ± 10.4 | 24.5 ± 8.3 | 0.058‡ |
| Calf circumference (cm) | ||||
| Right | 36.9 ± 3.6 (n = 37) |
36.9 ± 3.7 (n = 18) |
36.9 ± 3.6 (n = 19) |
0.98‡ |
| Left | 37.0 ± 3.1 (n = 37) |
36.8 ± 3.3 (n = 18) |
37.2 ± 3.1 (n = 19) |
0.75‡ |
| Adherence to medication score | 7 (6-7) | 7 (6-7) | 7 (6-7) | 0.98§ |
| GDS5 (total score) | 1 (0-3) | 1 (0-2) | 0 (0-3) | 0.25§ |
| IPAC-SF 2 (total physical activity score) | 792 (240-2,919) | 1,053 (478-4,345) | 438 (66-2,772) | 0.050§ |
Continuous variables that showed a normal or nonnormal distribution are expressed as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range (IQR)). Values were compared between the DPP4i and SGLT2i add-on groups using Fisher’s exact test (†), Student’s t-test (‡), or Mann-Whitney U test (§)
DPP4i, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; GDS5, Geriatric Depression Scale 5; IPAC-SF, International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form 2; SGLT2i, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor