Table 2.
Descriptive Information on the Studies Using Public Assistance as an Entire Study Population.
| Authors | Year | Design | Settings/participants | Data | N | Outcome | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Okumura Y, et al. (45) | 2019 | Cross-sectional study | All PA recipients hospitalized in psychiatric hospitals | National database | 46,559 | Age-sex-standardized claim ratio of the psychiatric admission | There is a geographical (prefectural) variation in the number and total medical cost of psychiatric admissions among recipients. There is a positive correlation between recipients’ psychiatric admission, the number of prefectural psychiatric beds per 100,000 population, and the prefectural proportion of the population receiving PA |
| Nishioka D, et al. (46) | 2020 | Retrospective cohort study | Adult recipients in two municipalities in Japan (>=20 years old) | Municipal database | 6,016 | Frequent outpatient attendance | Recipients living alone had an incidence of 1.58 (95% CI: 1.05-2.39) compared with those not living alone. Recipients visiting private institutions had an incidence of 1.74 (95% CI: 1.20-2.52) compared with those visiting medical corporations |
| Isozaki A, et al. (47) | 2021 | Cross-sectional study | Randomly sampled older recipients in Japan | Social survey data (self-questionnaire) | 1,280 | Health checkup behavior | The health behavior scale was developed, including two constructs (self-perception of personal power and practical skills for daily health), which correlates with recipients’ health checkup behavior |
| Nishioka D, et al.(48) | 2021 | Retrospective cohort study | Children in the household receiving PA in two municipalities in Japan (<=15 years old) | Municipal database | 573 | Children’s acute and chronic diseases | Among PA recipients, living in single parenthood is associated with a higher prevalence of the following: Asthma (IR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.16-2.26) Allergic rhinitis (IR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.07-1.86) Dermatitis and eczema (IR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.21-2.7) Dental diseases (IR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.33-2.42) An insignificant association was observed between single parenthood and children’s acute health conditions |
| Nishioka D, et al. (49) | 2021 | Retrospective cohort study | Adult recipients in two municipalities in Japan (>=20 years old) | Municipal database | 2,698 younger adults (20-64 years old) and 3,019 older adults (>65 years old) | 1-year cumulative incidence of diabetes diagnosis | Among younger (20-64 years old) men, the incidence of diabetes diagnosis was higher among those who were: Unemployed (IR: 1.28, 95% CI: 0.85-1.91) Living alone (IR: 1.48, 95% CI: 0.96-2.29). However, no significant association was observed among young women and older recipients |
| Nishioka D, et al. (50) | 2021 | Retrospective cohort study | Households receiving PA to rear children in five municipalities | Municipal database | 4,893 households | Households’ healthcare costs | Government savings through income reduction were counterbalanced by increased medical expenditure among child-rearing individuals in poverty (i.e., a 50 USD reduction in cash benefits may lead to a 248.6 USD increase in healthcare costs per household [95% CI: 25.4-471.7]) |
| Nishioka D, et al. (51) | 2021 | Retrospective cohort study | Adult recipients in two municipalities in Japan (>=20 years old) | Municipal database | 4,497 | Dental care access | Recipients who were younger (IR: 0.87 [by 10 years old], 95% CI: 0.84-0.91), women (IR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.08-1.38), immigrants (IR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.16-2.01), and with mental disabilities (IR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.08-1.56) may have greater accessibility to dental care. Living alone and employment are potential predictors of dental care access. |
| Kino S, et al. (68) | 2022 | Retrospective cohort study | Older community-dwelling recipients | Social survey data (self-questionnaire) | 347 | Starting or leaving PA program | People with higher perceived mutual community help were 1.21 times (95% CI: 1.02-1.46) more likely to commence PA 3 years later than those who did not. PA recipients who felt community attachment to their resident community were 1.16 times more likely to give up PA 3 years later than those who did not (95% CI: 1.06-1.28). Similarly, those who had social roles were 1.15 times more likely to give up PA 3 years later than those who had not (95% CI: 1.01-1.30). |
| Kino S, et al. (52) | 2022 | Retrospective cohort study | Older community-dwelling recipients | Social survey data (self-questionnaire) | 335 | Changes in social relationships | Recipients who stopped receiving PA experienced an increase in the number of friends, frequency of meetings with friends, and participation in sports and hobby clubs. Conversely, the social relationships of nonrecipients in 2013 who started to receive PA in 2016 did not significantly change. |
| Nishioka D, et al. (53) | 2022 | Retrospective cohort study | Recipients in six municipalities in Japan | Municipal database | 15,739 | Frequent outpatient attendance (FOA) | Using CART analyses, the employed subpopulation with mental disabilities exhibited the highest risk of FOA (incidence proportion: 16.7%). Conventional regression analyses revealed that being unemployed was significantly associated with frequent outpatient attendance (IR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.13-2.59). Living alone was also a predictor in regression analyses but not in CART analyses. |
| Imamatsu Y, et al. (54) | 2023 | Cross-sectional study | Randomly sampled older recipients in Japan | Social survey data (self-questionnaire) | 1,608 | Health behavior scale for older adults living alone and receiving PA (HBSO) | Recipients with higher Lubben social network scale scores have more preferable HBSO scores. A health checkup was also a predictor of a higher HBSO |
| Nishioka D, et al. (55) | 2023 | Retrospective cohort study | Adult recipients in two municipalities in Japan (>=20 years old) | Municipal database | 2,386 | Unscheduled asthma visits | Among working recipients, the IRs of unscheduled visits were higher among recipients cohabiting with adults (IR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.00-3.59) and recipients cohabiting with children (IR: 2.35, 95% CI: 1.11-4.95) than among recipients living alone. Among the nonworking recipients, the IRs of unscheduled visits were lower among recipients living with family (IR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.41-1.35) and those living with children (IR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.20-1.23) than among recipients living alone |
| Ueno K, et al. (56) | 2023 | Cross-sectional study | Older recipients in two municipalities in Japan (>=65 years old) | Municipal database | 3,165 | Clustering older recipients using the soft clustering method | Employing a soft clustering technique can help identify meaningful segments among older recipients, which is useful in considering support measures for the recipients |