Table 1.
Patient characteristics.
|
|
BPa (n=1,644,370) | BCb (n=820,078) | ECc (n=209,451) | MCd (n=300,791) | LCe (n=628,197) | |||||
| Agef (years) | ||||||||||
|
|
Mean (SD) | 58.6 (16.31) | 59.0 (16.35) | 58.5 (16.76) | 58.6 (16.57) | 58.8 (16.85) | ||||
|
|
Minimum, Maximum | 18, 89 | 18, 89 | 18, 89 | 18, 89 | 18, 89 | ||||
|
|
Median (IQR) | 61 (48-70) | 61 (48-71) | 61 (47-71) | 61 (48-71) | 61 (47-71) | ||||
| Age categoryf (years), n (%) | ||||||||||
|
|
18-30 | 112,133 (6.8) | 54,225 (6.6) | 15,683 (7.5) | 21,128 (7) | 45,338 (7.2) | ||||
|
|
31-40 | 147,963 (9) | 73,238 (8.9) | 19,839 (9.5) | 28,467 (9.5) | 61,031 (9.7) | ||||
|
|
41-50 | 217,072 (13.2) | 105,670 (12.9) | 27,043 (12.9) | 39,092 (13) | 80,868 (12.9) | ||||
|
|
51-60 | 340,761 (20.7) | 162,767 (19.8) | 40,873 (19.5) | 58,449 (19.4) | 117,202 (18.7) | ||||
|
|
61-70 | 416,743 (25.3) | 207,379 (25.3) | 51,304 (24.5) | 74,935 (24.9) | 153,046 (24.4) | ||||
|
|
71-80 | 288,194 (17.5) | 153,377 (18.7) | 38,255 (18.3) | 55,684 (18.5) | 118,827 (18.9) | ||||
|
|
>80 | 121,504 (7.4) | 63,422 (7.7) | 16,454 (7.9) | 23,036 (7.7) | 51,885 (8.3) | ||||
| Sex femalef, n (%) | 890,910 (54.2) | 440,317 (53.7) | 108,541 (51.8) | 159,893 (53.2) | 333,931 (53.2) | |||||
| Racef, n (%) | ||||||||||
|
|
Asian | 25,205 (1.5) | 13,155 (1.6) | 3811 (1.8) | 5502 (1.8) | 13,947 (2.2) | ||||
|
|
Black | 172,317 (10.5) | 86,619 (10.6) | 22,820 (10.9) | 34,421 (11.4) | 74,791 (11.9) | ||||
|
|
White | 1,287,545 (78.3) | 634,056 (77.3) | 163,018 (77.8) | 232,506 (77.3) | 477,774 (76.1) | ||||
| Hispanic ethnicityf, n (%) | 141,183 (8.6) | 73,837 (9) | 18,426 (8.8) | 27,853 (9.3) | 68,885 (11) | |||||
| Insurancef,g, n (%) | ||||||||||
|
|
Commercial | 665,441 (40.5) | 317,972 (38.8) | 79,909 (38.2) | 115,013 (38.2) | 231,540 (36.9) | ||||
|
|
Government | 749,389 (45.6) | 383,018 (46.7) | 96,045 (45.9) | 138,052 (45.9) | 289,800 (46.1) | ||||
|
|
Low-income | 212,173 (12.9) | 108,509 (13.2) | 30,647 (14.6) | 43,737 (14.5) | 97,210 (15.5) | ||||
| Comorbidites ≥1f, n (%) | 1,321,911 (80.4) | 676,491 (82.5) | 175,939 (84) | 252,355 (83.9) | 535,076 (85.2) | |||||
| Comorbiditiesh, n (%) | ||||||||||
|
|
Cardiac arrhythmiasf | 278,499 (16.9) | 148,374 (18.1) | 39,801 (19) | 56,421 (18.8) | 124,456 (19.8) | ||||
|
|
Chronic pulmonary diseasef | 303,871 (18.5) | 157,402 (19.2) | 40,808 (19.5) | 58,895 (19.6) | 123,865 (19.7) | ||||
|
|
Congestive heart failuref | 114,852 (7) | 64,837 (7.9) | 18,118 (8.7) | 25,313 (8.4) | 57,681 (9.2) | ||||
|
|
Depressionf | 216,235 (13.2) | 115,225 (14.1) | 29,414 (14) | 44,250 (14.7) | 91,828 (14.6) | ||||
|
|
Diabetes (complicated)f | 131,594 (8) | 74,660 (9.1) | 21,230 (10.1) | 29,410 (9.8) | 65,836 (10.5) | ||||
|
|
Diabetes (uncomplicated)f | 223,314 (13.6) | 108,624 (13.2) | 26,276 (12.5) | 38,592 (12.8) | 80,350 (12.8) | ||||
|
|
Fluid or electrolyte disordersf | 325,819 (19.8) | 174,481 (21.3) | 52,486 (25.1) | 70,018 (23.3) | 152,579 (24.3) | ||||
|
|
Hypothyroidismf | 200,129 (12.2) | 103,612 (12.6) | 25,704 (12.3) | 37,537 (12.5) | 78,411 (12.5) | ||||
|
|
Obesity or overweightf | 394,421 (24) | 210,688 (25.7) | 54,282 (25.9) | 82,251 (27.3) | 173,667 (27.6) | ||||
|
|
Other neurological disordersf | 117,534 (7.1) | 63,352 (7.7) | 18,501 (8.8) | 25,511 (8.5) | 55,371 (8.8) | ||||
|
|
Peripheral vascular disordersf | 125,078 (7.6) | 67,508 (8.2) | 18,339 (8.8) | 26,595 (8.8) | 58,697 (9.3) | ||||
|
|
Sleep apneaf | 147,851 (9) | 81,705 (10) | 19,498 (9.3) | 30,259 (10.1) | 65,179 (10.4) | ||||
|
|
Solid tumor without metastasisf | 194,163 (11.8) | 98,675 (12) | 27,302 (13) | 36,644 (12.2) | 81,145 (12.9) | ||||
| COVID-19 not presentf,i, n (%) | 1,644,142 (100) | 819,852 (100) | 209,200 (99.9) | 299,296 (99.5) | 601,470 (95.7) | |||||
| Admission typef, n (%) | ||||||||||
|
|
Elective | 932,608 (56.7) | 451,190 (55) | 98,637 (47.1) | 156,479 (52) | 307,003 (48.9) | ||||
|
|
Emergency or urgent | 674,323 (41) | 348,840 (42.5) | 104,123 (49.7) | 136,181 (45.3) | 302,208 (48.1) | ||||
|
|
Trauma center | 37,439 (2.3) | 20,048 (2.4) | 6691 (3.2) | 8131 (2.7) | 18,986 (3) | ||||
aBP: baseline period.
bBC: before COVID-19 era.
cEC: early COVID-19 era.
dMC: middle COVID-19 era.
eLC: late COVID-19 era.
fStatistically significant at the P<.05 level.
gCommercial category includes managed care, workers’ compensation, and self-pay. The government category includes Medicare and other government insurance types. The low-income category includes Medicaid, charity, and indigent.
hMost frequently observed Elixhauser comorbidities shown.
iNo history of COVID-19 within 2 months of encounter.