Table 1.

Demographic data.

Demographic Data
	Study, year	Evidence Level	Number of Patients	Sex (M/F)	Age	Symptoms at Presentation	C-reactive protein (CRP)
Percutaneous Endoscopic Debridement and Drainage (PEDD)	Yang et al., 2007	III	15	9/6	64.2 (Range 27–88)	Back pain	78.8 ± 68.8 mg/L
	Yang et al., 2008	III	20	12/8	62.9 ± 14.9	Back pain	52.1 ± 26.5 mg/L
	Fu et al., 2010	III	6	4/2	62 (Range 32–88)	Back pain	103.6 ± 63.5 mg/dL
	Yang et al., 2014	III	32	23/9	57.4 (Range 38–88)	Back pain	89.1 ± 72 mg/L
	Yang et al., 2014	III	21	14/7	56.5 (Range 39–87)	Back pain	Not reported
	Wang et al., 2016	III	41	29/12	55.2 (Range 28–88)	Back pain	67.1 ± 68.5 mg/L
	Yang et al., 2019	III	20	14/6	60 (Range 38–72)	Back pain	Not reported
	Fu et al., 2019	III	37	27/10	56.5 ± 14.4	Back pain	Not reported
CT-Guided Needle Biopsy	Yang et al., 2008	III	32	17/15	63.0 ± 14.6	Back pain	56.8 ± 20.8 mg/L
	Garg et al., 2014	III	84	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported	Not reported
	Spira et al., 2016	III	34	21/13	57.5 (Range 7–80)	Not reported	Not reported
	Kasalak et al., 2018	III	64	34/30	61.7 ± 16.5 (Range 16–91)	Not reported	Not reported
	Braun et al., 2019	III	40	Not reported	65.1 (Range 10–89)	Not reported	51.2 ± 62.9 mg/L
	Afshari et al., 2020	III	5	3/2	5.29 ± 4.7 (Range 1.2–14)	Fever Back pain Antalgic gait	62 ± 64 mg/L
	Husseini et al., 2020	III	241	158/83	59 (Range 4–99)	Fever Back pain Diaphoresis Chills	Not reported
	Wong et al., 2021	III	104	65/39	57.7 ± 17.9	Fever Sepsis	61.8 ng/mL (Range 12–76)
Total (PEDD)	8 studies	III - 8 studies (100%)	157	132/60 (68.8% male)	--	Number of studies	--
						Back pain – 8 (100%)
Total (CT-Guided Needle Biopsy)	8 studies	III – 8 studies (100%)	604	298/182 (62.1% male)	--	Number of studies	--
						Back pain – 3 (75%)
						Fever – 3 (75%)
						Sepsis – 1 (25%)
						Diaphoresis – 1 (25%)
						Chills – 1 (25%)
						Antalgic gait – 1 (25%)