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. 2024 Jul 10;10(14):e34383. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34383

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

The function process of the different CRISPR-Cas systems. The Cas9 system recognizes specific protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) sequences and performs cis cleavage to induce double-strand breaks (DSB). Particularly, Cas12, Cas13, and Cas14 also perform trans cleavage to accomplish indiscriminate nucleic acid strand cleavage. Then the resulting nucleic acid strand breaks are repaired through the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway or homology-directed repair (HDR) pathway with a donor template.