Table 2.
Multilineage differentiation ability of GMSCs, induction media, and modulating factors.
| Derived Cell | Supplements to Basal Medium | Differentiated Cell-Specific Markers |
Inhibitory Factors | Enhancing Factors |
Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mesoderm Lineage Cell Differentiation |
Osteoblast | Dexamethasone, Ascorbic acid, β-glycerophosphate |
RUNX2, COL1A1, ALP, Osteocalcin, Bone sialoprotein, BMP2/4, Osteopontin, Osteonectin |
Exposure to F. nucleatum, Extraction of GMSCs from inflamed tissues,Addition of Muscone to Medium |
CGF, Trichostatin A, Noni Extract, Resveratrol, Biosynthesized Gold Nanoparticles, Sema3A, Blue-Light Irradiation |
32,60,61 |
| Adipocyte | 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine, Idomethacin, Dexamethasone/Hydrocortisone, Insulin, l-glutamine |
Oil Globules, PPARγ2, Lipoprotein Lipase | N/A | Extraction of GMSCs from inflamed tissues, Addition of Muscone to Medium |
18,19,32,38,68 | |
| Chondroblast | TGF-β, Dexamethasone, Ascorbic Acid, Insulin, BMP-6, Selenium Acid, Insulin transferrin | Collagen II/V, SOX9, Glycosaminoglycans, Acid Proteoglycan, ACAN, Cartilage‐specific Proteoglycan Core Protein |
N/A | Controlled inflammation, AA/retinol |
18,32,61,69, 70, 71 | |
| Endothelial Cell | Hydrocortisone, FGF-b, R3-IGF-1, Ascorbic Acid, EGF, GA-1000, Heparin, VEGF-165, FBS |
Capillary-like Tube Formation Test, CD31 (PECAM-1), vWF | N/A | N/A | 19,72,73 | |
| Myocyte | Dexamethasone, Ascorbic Acid, Sodium Pyruvate, Forskolin, Recombinant Human bFGF |
Myosin II (MF20), MyoD, Myf5 | N/A | N/A | 74 | |
| Ectoderm Lineage Cell Differentiation |
Neurocyte | FBS, penicillin, streptomycin, fibroblast growth factor 2, and epidermal growth factor |
Immature markers: Nestin, Musashi 1, β-Tubulin III, MASH1, NGN2, SOX1, Nissl bodies; Mature markers: MAP2, NSE, NeuN, NFM, CNPase, GFAP, pan-Nav, GAD67, Nav1.6, NF1, PSD95, synapsin |
N/A | Hypoxia Preconditioning, Cannabidiol, Metformin, AEDG peptide | 19,20,37,46,58,75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82 |
| Auditory Progenitor Cell |
IGF, FGF-b EGF in RGD-Coupled Alginate-Matrigel Nanohybrid Hydrogels |
GATA3, SOX2, PAX2, PAX8, Myo7a | N/A | N/A | 83 | |
| Odontogenic cell | Embryonic Tooth Germ Cell-conditioned Medium (ETGC-CM) | ALP, OPN, BSP, Dentin Matrix Protein 1 | N/A | MiR‐3940‐5p | 59,84 | |
| Keratinocyte | Plant Extracts of Acalypha indica | Cytokeratin 5/10/14, Involucrin |
N/A | N/A | 85 | |
| Endoderm Lineage Cell Differentiation |
Insulin producing cell clusters (IPPCs) | N/A (Fibroblast-like GMSCs are converted into IPPCs) | Insulin, Pdx1, Glucagon, GLUT2, GLUT4, Dithizone staining, GSIS assay | N/A | N/A | 86 |