Table 3.
GMSCs and their cell-free products application in tissue engineering (Cranio-maxillofacial Bone Defects).
| Application | Cell Type/Products | Scaffold/Factor | Route | Model | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calvarial Bone Defect and Mandibular Defect | hGMSCs | Type I collagen gel | Local implantation | Rat | 69 |
| Calvaria Bone Defect | Autologous rat GMSCs | RGD-coupled alginate (Alg−RGD) with whitlockite and hydroxyapatite microparticles | Local implantation | Rat | 120 |
| Calvarial Defects | hGMSCs | RGD- (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid tripeptide) coupled alginate microen-capsulation system | Local implantation | Nude mice | 121 |
| Calvarial Defect | hGMSCs and hGMSCs EVs | A poly-(lactide) (3D-PLA) scaffold | Local implantation | Rat | 122 |
| Calvarial Defect | hGMSCs CM and/or hGMSCs | A poly-(lactide) (3D-PLA) scaffold | Local implantation | Rat | 123 |
| Calvarial Defect | hGMSCs EVs and/or hGMSCs | Poly (lactide) (3D-PLA) 3D printing |
Local implantation | Rat | 117 |
| Calvaria Inflammatory Osteolysis | hGMSCs metabolite | – | Local subcutaneous injection | Rat | 124 |
| Mandibular Bone Defect | hGMSCs | – | IV injection | Mice | 125 |
| Maxillary Alveolar Defect | hGMSCs | Hydrogel scaffold PuraMatrix™ (PM)/BMP2 | Local implantation | Nude rat | 126 |
| Maxillary Bone Defects | Autologous pig GMSCs | Bio-Oss®/SB431542 | Local implantation | Mini pig | 127 |