Table 3.
Association between county-level social spatial polarization and restricted buprenorphine dispensing in U.S. community pharmacies.
| Chain Pharmacy (N=418) |
Independent Pharmacy (N=440) |
Overall (N=858) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted OR [95 % CI] | Adjusted OR [95 % CI] | Unadjusted OR [95 % CI] | Adjusted OR [95 % CI] | Unadjusted OR [95 % CI] | Adjusted OR [95 % CI] | |
| Race ICEa | ||||||
| Quintile 5 | 1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
| Quintile 4 | 0.60 [0.26 – 1.35] |
0.56 [0.23 – 1.29] |
0.81 [0.42 – 1.55] |
0.87 [0.44 – 1.70] |
0.74 [0.44 – 1.25] |
0.75 [0.43 – 1.29] |
| Quintile 3 | 0.61 [0.27 – 1.35] |
0.58 [0.24 – 1.37] |
0.64 [0.32 – 1.26] |
0.70 [0.33 – 1.47] |
0.63 [0.37 – 1.08] |
0.66 [0.37 – 1.17] |
| Quintile 2 | 0.74 [0.34 – 1.61] |
0.66 [0.28 – 1.56] |
0.79 [0.41 – 1.52] |
0.85 [0.41 – 1.76] |
0.77 [0.46 – 1.29] |
0.78 [0.43 – 1.40] |
| Quintile 1 | 0.67 [0.30 – 1.47] |
0.49 [0.20 – 1.16] |
0.78 [0.40 – 1.51] |
0.71 [0.34 – 1.48] |
0.73 [0.44 – 1.22] |
0.61 [0.34 – 1.12] |
| Ethnicity ICE | ||||||
| Quintile 5 | 1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
| Quintile 4 | 0.63 [0.28, 1.38] |
0.55 [0.24, 1.23] |
0.49* [0.25, 0.96] |
0.49* [0.24, 0.99] |
0.55* [0.32, 0.95] |
0.52* [0.30, 0.92] |
| Quintile 3 | 0.46 [0.19, 1.05] |
0.41* [0.16, 0.98] |
0.84 [0.44, 1.58] |
0.90 [0.45, 1.78] |
0.67 [0.40, 1.12] |
0.67 [0.40, 1.15] |
| Quintile 2 | 0.72 [0.33, 1.53] |
0.61 [0.27, 1.39] |
0.52 [0.26, 1.02] |
0.51 [0.24, 1.05] |
0.60* [0.37, 0.99] |
0.56* [0.32, 0.97] |
| Quintile 1 | 0.50 [0.22, 1.11] |
0.43 [0.17, 1.05] |
0.70 [0.36, 1.33] |
0.73 [0.34, 1.52] |
0.61 [0.37, 1.03] |
0.59 [0.32, 1.09] |
| Income ICE | ||||||
| Quintile 5 | 1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
| Quintile 4 | 0.72 [0.30 – 1.70] |
0.75 [0.31 – 1.80] |
2.23* [1.02 – 5.13] |
1.90 [0.85 – 4.43] |
1.33 [0.74 – 2.38] |
1.23 [0.69 – 2.23] |
| Quintile 3 | 0.44 [0.16 – 1.13] |
0.49 [0.17 – 1.30] |
3.04** [1.42 – 6.89] |
2.48* [1.12 – 5.80] |
1.40 [0.80 – 2.44] |
1.29 [0.72 – 2.34] |
| Quintile 2 | 0.97 [0.42 –2.22] |
1.13 [0.46 – 2.76] |
2.76* [1.30 – 6.23] |
2.16 [0.96 – 5.07] |
1.73 [0.96 – 3.09] |
1.57 [0.85 – 2.85] |
| Quintile 1 | 1.98 [0.95 – 4.28] |
2.15 [0.90 – 5.29] |
3.57** [1.70 – 7.97] |
2.47* [1.09 – 5.89] |
2.67*** [1.56 – 4.58] |
2.18* [1.17 – 4.01] |
| Race x Income ICE | ||||||
| Quintile 5 | 1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
| Quintile 4 | 1.47 [0.59 – 3.79] |
1.45 [0.55 – 3.88] |
1.90 [0.86 – 4.40] |
1.55 [0.68 – 3.65] |
1.71 [0.91 – 3.19] |
1.51 [0.81 – 2.82] |
| Quintile 3 | 1.37 [0.55 – 3.53] |
1.39 [0.53 – 3.74] |
3.45** [1.62 – 7.79] |
2.83* [1.27 – 6.60] |
2.34** [1.29 – 4.22] |
2.11* [1.17 – 3.98] |
| Quintile 2 | 3.45** [1.53 – 8.40] |
4.05** [1.62 – 10.84] |
3.68*** [1.76 – 8.21] |
2.67* [1.20 – 6.25] |
3.60*** [2.05 – 6.30] |
3.09*** [1.70 – 5.59] |
| Quintile 1 | 1.45 [0.58 – 3.74] |
1.16 [0.42 – 3.34] |
2.70* [1.36 – 6.11] |
1.68 [0.73 – 4.05] |
2.10* [1.15 – 3.83] |
1.45 [0.74 – 2.82] |
| Ethnicity x Income ICE | ||||||
| Quintile 5 | 1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
1.00 (reference) |
| Quintile 4 | 1.93 [0.82, 4.82] |
1.96 [0.81, 5.00] |
2.82* [1.28, 6.62] |
2.38* [1.06, 5.67] |
2.36** [1.30, 4.30] |
2.18* [1.20, 3.97] |
| Quintile 3 | 1.24 [0.49, 3.24] |
1.27 [0.48, 3.45] |
3.67** [1.70, 8.50] |
3.01* [1.33, 7.21] |
2.35** [1.28, 4.30] |
2.13* [1.14, 4.00] |
| Quintile 2 | 1.82 [0.75, 4.63] |
2.02 [0.79, 5.38] |
2.64* [1.21, 6.16] |
2.04 [0.90, 4.91] |
2.27** [1.24, 4.15] |
2.01* [1.08, 3.75] |
| Quintile 1 | 2.38 [1.02, 5.88] |
2.65 [1.01, 7.28] |
3.80*** [1.77, 8.75] |
2.76* [1.19, 6.79] |
3.10*** [1.72, 5.57] |
2.66** [1.38, 5.16] |
a
Quintile 5 represents the most privileged and quintile 1 represents the most deprived.
⁎
denotes P<0.05
⁎⁎
denotes P<0.01, and
⁎⁎⁎
denotes P<0.001