FIG. 1.

A total of 199 skull base surgeries performed by the Departments of Otolaryngology and Neurosurgery at Kyushu University Hospital from August 2018 to August 2022 were included in our analysis. We excluded 141 cases of pituitary tumors. Seventeen cases of orbital lesions, 12 cases of nasal lesions, 5 cases of reoperation, 3 cases of CSF leakage, 3 endoscope-free cases, and 1 median approach were also excluded. We retrospectively reviewed 17 cases of paramedian endoscopic endonasal approaches in the present study.