. 2024 Jun 22;27(6):763–775. doi: 10.1089/jpm.2023.0547

Table 5.

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Overall Survival Among Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer by Palliative Care Use

	Race/ethnicity	No. of subjects	No. of events	Median survival time in months^a (95% CI)	p ^b	Crude hazard ratio (95% CI)	Model 1 aHR^c (95% CI)	Model 2 aHR^d (95% CI)
Among patients who did not use palliative care	White	78,979	56,137	32 (32 to 32)	<0.001	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)
	Black	18,675	13,872	23 (23 to 24)		1.22 (1.20 to 1.24)^***	1.23 (1.20 to 1.27)^***	1.13 (1.09 to 1.17)^***
	Asian	3081	1695	47 (44 to 49)		0.71 (0.68 to 0.75)^***	0.78 (0.73 to 0.84)^***	0.76 (0.70 to 0.82)^***
	American Indian or Alaska Native	311	215	34 (27 to 43)		1.00 (0.87 to 1.14)	0.97 (0.80 to 1.18)	0.86 (0.69 to 1.09)
	Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	281	175	32 (26 to 39)		0.96 (0.83 to 1.11)	1.26 (1.02 to 1.55)^***	1.20 (0.94 to 1.54)
	Hispanic	6724	3977	40 (38 to 41)		0.80 (0.77 to 0.82)^***	0.90 (0.86 to 0.95)^***	0.80 (0.76 to 0.85)^***
Among patients who used palliative care	White	20,929	15,817	26 (25 to 26)	<0.001	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)	1.0 (Reference)
	Black	4504	3591	19 (17 to 19)		1.25 (1.20 to 1.29)^***	1.23 (1.17 to 1.30)^***	1.14 (1.07 to 1.21)^***
	Asian	632	376	33 (31 to 38)		0.76 (0.69 to 0.84)^***	0.82 (0.71 to 0.94)^**	0.83 (0.71 to 0.97)^*
	American Indian or Alaska Native	93	69	18 (10 to 29)		1.05 (0.83 to 1.34)	1.09 (0.80 to 1.47)	1.02 (0.72 to 1.43)
	Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	62	41	32 (24 to 45)		0.82 (0.60 to 1.11)	1.08 (0.68 to 1.72)	1.06 (0.61 to 1.82)
	Hispanic	1212	760	31 (28 to 34)		0.78 (0.73 to 0.84)^***	0.85 (0.77 to 0.94)^**	0.77 (0.69 to 0.87)^***

^{^a}

Median overall survival time in months and 95% CIs were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method.

^{^b}

p Values were calculated using the log-rank test.

^{^c}

Adjusted for age, Charlson–Deyo comorbidity score, histologic type, molecular subtype, and tumor grade.

^{^d}

Adjusted for age, sex, type of insurance, rural/urban area, median household income quartile, Charlson–Deyo comorbidity score, type of cancer program, histologic type, molecular subtype, and tumor grade.

^{^*}

p < 0.05; ^**p < 0.01; ^***p < 0.001.

aHR, adjusted hazard ratio.