Table 1.
Number and age-adjusted ratesa of cocaine and psychostimulant overdose emergency department visits with and without opioids, by sex, age, Census region and level of urbanization—United States, 2015 and 2016.
| Cocaine and any opioidb | Cocaine without any opioidsc | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| 2015 | 2016 | 2015 | 2016 | |||||||||
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| ED visit characteristic | No. | Rate (SE) | No. | Rate (SE) | Absolute change in rate | % change in rate | No. | Rate (SE) | No. | Rate (SE) | Absolute change in rate | % change in rate |
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| All | 6548 | 2.1 (0.03) | 7571 | 2.4(0.03) | 0.3 | 17.0 | 22 165 | 6.9 (0.05) | 19 131 | 5.9 (0.04) | −1.0 | −13.6 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 3960 | 2.6 (0.04) | 4824 | 3.1 (0.05) | 0.5 | 21.3 | 14 767 | 9.3 (0.08) | 13 306 | 8.3 (0.07) | −1.0 | −10.3 |
| Female | 2589 | 1.6 (0.03) | 2746 | 1.7(0.03) | 0.1 | 6.5 | 7399 | 4.6 (0.05) | 5820 | 3.6 (0.05) | −1.0 | −21.4 |
| Age group (years) | ||||||||||||
| 0–14 | 12 | f | f | f | - | - | 627 | 1.0 (0.04) | 125 | 0.2 (0.02) | −0.8 | −80.0 |
| 15–19 | 135 | 0.6 (0.06) | 144 | 0.7(0.06) | 0.1 | 6.8 | 564 | 2.6 (0.11) | 528 | 2.5 (0.11) | −0.1 | −5.2 |
| 19–24 | 829 | 3.6 (0.13) | 961 | 4.3 (0.14) | 0.7 | 17.8 | 1554 | 6.9 (0.17) | 1542 | 7.0 (0.18) | 0.1 | −0.1 |
| 25–34 | 2298 | 5.2 (0.11) | 2554 | 5.8(0.11) | 0.6 | 9.8 | 4032 | 9.2 (0.14) | 3988 | 9.0 (0.14) | −0.2 | −2.8 |
| 35–44 | 1355 | 3.3 (0.09) | 1652 | 4.1 (0.10) | 0.8 | 22.3 | 4334 | 10.6 (0.16) | 3612 | 9.0(0.15) | −1.6 | −16.0 |
| 45–54 | 1170 | 2.7 (0.08) | 1370 | 3.2 (0.09) | 0.5 | 18.2 | 6171 | 14.3 (0.18) | 5345 | 12.5 (0.18) | −1.8 | −12.7 |
| 55–64 | 665 | 1.6 (0.06) | 775 | 1.9 (0.07) | 0.3 | 15.0 | 3867 | 9.5 (0.15) | 3302 | 8.0 (0.14) | −1.5 | −15.8 |
| ≥65 | 84 | 0.2 (0.02) | 110 | 0.2 (0.02) | 0.0 | 27.3 | 1014 | 2.1 (0.07) | 689 | 1.4(0.05) | −0.7 | −34.1 |
| Census region | ||||||||||||
| Northeast | 192 5 | 3.5 (0.08) | 2321 | 4.3 (0.09) | 0.8 | 20.3 | 6037 | 10.6 (0.14) | 4401 | 7.9 (0.12) | −2.7 | −25.8 |
| Midwest | 1750 | 2.6 (0.06) | 1625 | 2.5 (0.06) | −0.1 | −6.0 | 4325 | 6.4 (0.10) | 3402 | 5.0(0.09) | −1.4 | −22.1 |
| South | 2478 | 2.2 (0.04) | 3132 | 2.7(0.05) | 0.5 | 23.4 | 9827 | 8.3 (0.09) | 9132 | 7.5 (0.08) | −0.8 | −8.9 |
| West | 395 | 0.5 (0.03) | 492 | 0.6 (0.03) | 0.1 | 23.6 | 1976 | 2.6 (0.06) | 2196 | 2.8 (0.06) | 0.2 | 9.3 |
| Comity urbanization level | ||||||||||||
| Large central metro | 2125 | 2.1 (0.05) | 2242 | 2.2 (0.05) | 0.1 | 3.5 | 10 593 | 10.2 (0.10) | 7487 | 7.2 (0.08) | −3.0 | −30.0 |
| Large fringe metro | 1628 | 2.2 (0.05) | 2120 | 2.8 (0.06) | 0.6 | 30.2 | 3570 | 4.7 (0.08) | 3853 | 4.9 (0.08) | 0.2 | 4.8 |
| Medium metro | 1706 | 2.7 (0.07) | 1946 | 3.0(0.07) | 0.3 | 14.0 | 4213 | 6.4 (0.10) | 4361 | 6.5 (0.10) | 0.1 | 14.0 |
| Small metro | 346 | 1.2 (0.07) | 494 | 1.8 (0.08) | 0.6 | 44.7 | 1294 | 4.6 (0.13) | 1357 | 4.8 (0.13) | 0.2 | 4.8 |
| Micropolitan (non-metro) | 422 | 1.6 (0.08) | 392 | 1.5 (0.08) | −0.1 | −6.9 | 1321 | 5.0 (0.14) | 1006 | 3.9 (0.12) | −1.1 | −23.4 |
| Non-core (non-metro) | 210 | 1.1 (0.08) | 172 | 0.9 (0.08) | −0.2 | −17.2 | 800 | 4.3 (0.16) | 489 | 2.7 (0.13) | −1.6 | −36.6 |
| Psychostimulant and any opioiifd | Psychostimulant without any opioiife | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| 2015 | 2016 | 2015 | 2016 | |||||||||
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| ED visit characteristic | No. | Rate (SE) | No. | Rate (SE) | Absolute change in rate | % change in rate | No. | Rate (SE) | No. | Rate (SE) | Absolute change in rate | % change in rate |
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| All | 5719 | 1.8 (0.03) | 6019 | 1.9 (0.03) | 0.1 | 5.9 | 30 218 | 9.9 (0.06) | 36 048 | 11.8 (0.06) | 1.9 | 18.9 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 3268 | 2.1 (0.04) | 3613 | 2.4 (0.04) | 0.3 | 12.2 | 18 064 | 12.1 (0.09) | 22 180 | 14.8 (0.10) | 2.7 | 22.5 |
| Female | 2450 | 1.6 (0.03) | 2406 | 1.5 (0.03) | −0.1 | −0.6 | 12 155 | 7.9 (0.07) | 13 868 | 9.0 (0.08) | 1.1 | 13.7 |
| Age group (years) | ||||||||||||
| 0–14 | 35 | 0.1 (0.01) | 30 | 0.1 (0.01) | 0.0 | −13.1 | 3810 | 6.2 (0.10) | 4193 | 6.9 (0.11) | 0.7 | 10.1 |
| 15–19 | 219 | 1.0(0.07) | 211 | 1.0 (0.7) | 0.0 | −3.6 | 3712 | 17.3 (0.28) | 4072 | 18.9 (0.30) | 1.6 | 9.4 |
| 19–24 | 855 | 3.8 (0.13) | 757 | 3.4 (0.12) | −0.4 | −10.1 | 4184 | 18.6 (0.29) | 4523 | 20.4 (0.30) | 1.8 | 9.9 |
| 25–34 | 2106 | 4.8(0.11) | 2210 | 4.9 (0.11) | 0.1 | 3.7 | 8050 | 18.3 (0.20) | 9812 | 22.1 (0.22) | 3.8 | 20.5 |
| 35–44 | 1150 | 2.8 (0.08) | 1339 | 3.3 (0.09) | 0.5 | 16.8 | 5284 | 12.9 (0.18) | 6428 | 15.8 (0.20) | 2.9 | 22.1 |
| 45–54 | 740 | 1.7(0.06) | 862 | 2.0 (0.07) | 0.3 | 17.6 | 3184 | 7.4 (0.13) | 4308 | 10.1 (0.15) | 2.7 | 36.5 |
| 55–64 | 477 | 1.2 (0.05) | 458 | 1.1 (0.05) | −0.1 | −5.4 | 1562 | 3.8 (0.10) | 2095 | 5.1 (0.11) | 1.3 | 32.2 |
| ≥65 | 136 | 0.3 (0.02) | 151 | 1.3 (0.02) | 1.0 | 7.7 | 432 | 0.9 (0.04) | 617 | 1.3 (0.05) | 0.4 | 38.5 |
| Census region | ||||||||||||
| Northeast | 382 | 0.7 (0.04) | 338 | 0.7 (0.04) | 0.0 | −9.7 | 2801 | 5.2 (0.10) | 3092 | 5.9 (0.11) | 0.7 | 11.8 |
| Midwest | 1288 | 2.0 (0.06) | 1321 | 2.1 (0.06) | 0.1 | 3.2 | 7285 | 11.5 (0.14) | 8216 | 13.0(0.15) | 1.5 | 12.6 |
| South | 2159 | 1.9 (0.04) | 2277 | 2.0 (0.04) | 0.1 | 4.0 | 10 766 | 9.6 (0.09) | 12 406 | 10.7 (0.10) | 1.1 | 11.6 |
| West | 1890 | 2.6 (0.06) | 2084 | 2.8 (0.06) | 0.2 | 8.3 | 9366 | 12.9 (0.14) | 12 334 | 16.6 (0.15) | 3.7 | 28.9 |
| Comity urbanization level | ||||||||||||
| Large central metro | 1432 | 1.5 (0.04) | 1535 | 1.5 (0.04) | 0.0 | 4.0 | 8571 | 9.1 (0.10) | 10430 | 10.7(0.11) | 1.6 | 17.2 |
| Large fringe metro | 960 | 1.3 (0.04) | 914 | 1.2 (0.04) | −0.1 | −5.5 | 5201 | 7.0(0.10) | 5633 | 7.5 (0.10) | 0.5 | 7.9 |
| Medium metro | 1472 | 2.3 (0.06) | 1467 | 2.3 (0.06) | 0.0 | −0.4 | 7218 | 12.1 (0.15) | 7531 | 11.8 (0.14) | −0.3 | −2.5 |
| Small metro | 692 | 2.4 (0.09) | 704 | 2.5 (0.09) | 0.1 | 1.4 | 3253 | 11.7(0.21) | 4393 | 15.9 (0.24) | 4.2 | 35.4 |
| Micropolitan (non-metro) | 629 | 2.5 (0.10) | 670 | 2.6 (0.10) | 0.1 | 6.7 | 3113 | 12.3 (0.22) | 4091 | 16.4 (0.26) | 4.1 | 33.0 |
| Non-core (non-metro) | 874 | 5.0(0.17) | 561 | 3.2 (0.14) | −1.8 | −35.7 | 2203 | 12.7(0.27) | 2985 | 17.4 (0.32) | 4.7 | 37.4 |
Source: Nationwide Emergency Department Sample. Bold type indicates statistical significance (P ≤ 0.05) determined by Z-test.
Age-adjusted emergency department visit rates were calculated by applying age-specific emergency department visit rates to the 2000 US standard population age distribution. All rates are per 100 000 population. People who died were excluded, as were visits with missing age and gender.
For the first three-quarters of 2015, includes ICD-9-CMprincipal diagnosis code 970.81 or external cause of injury codes E854.3 or E855.2 and principal diagnosis codes 965.00, 965.01 or 965.02 or external cause of injury codes E850.0, E850.1 or E850.2; for the fourth quarter of 2015 and 2016, includes ICD-10-CM/PCS contributing causes T40.5 and T40.0, T40.1, T40.2, T40.3, T40.6 or T40.69.
For the first three-quarters of 2015, includes ICD-9-CM principal diagnosis code 970.81 or external cause of injury codes E854.3 or E855.2 and not principal diagnosis codes 965.00, 965.01 or 965.02 or external cause of injury codes E850.0, E850.1 or E850.2; for the fourth quarter of 2015 and 2016, includes ICD-10-CM/PCS contributing cause T40.5 and not T40.0, T40.1, T40.2, T40.3, T40.6 or T40.69.
For the first three-quarters of 2015, includes ICD-9-CM principal diagnosis codes 969.70, 969.71, 969.72, 969.73 or 969.79 or external cause of injury code E854.2 and principal diagnosis codes 965.00, 965.01 or 965.02 or external cause of injury codes E850.0, E850.1 or E850.2; for the fourth quarter of 2015 and 2016, includes ICD-10-CM/PCS contributing causes T43.60, T43.61, T43.62, T43.63 and T43.69 and T40.0, T40.1, T40.2, T40.3, T40.6 or T40.69.
For the first three-quarters of 2015, includes ICD-9-CM principal diagnosis codes 969.70, 969.71, 969.72, 969.73 or 969.79 or external cause of injury code E854.2 and not principal diagnosis codes 965.00, 965.01 or 965.02 or external cause of injury codes E850.0, E850.1 or E850.2; for the fourth quarter of 2015 and 2016, includes ICD-10-CM/PCS contributing causes T43.60, T43.61, T43.62, T43.63 and T43.69 and NOT T40.0, T40.1, T40.2, T40.3, T40.6 or T40.69.
Emergency department visits ≤ 10 are not reported. Rates based on < 20 emergency department visits are not considered reliable and not reported. ED = emergency department; SE = standard error.