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. 2024 Aug 5;23:152. doi: 10.1186/s12939-024-02231-2

Table 4.

Out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) for hospitalization in Kerala in 2014 and 2017-18 by background characteristics

71st Round, 2014
(n = 3002)
75th Round, 2017-18
(n = 4986)
Pub (in INR) Pvt. (in INR) Pub(in INR) Pvt. (for profit) (in INR) Trust/NGO
(in INR)
Private total*(in INR)
Total 3153 22,974 4373 26,853 18,318 26,363
Rural-urban divide
Rural 3294 24,904 4543 24,980 15,632 24,528
Urban 2934 20,163 4104 29,464 20,863 28,865
Gender
Male 3784 30,814 4868 30,583 22,172 29,993
Female 2595 17,384 3920 23,978 13,796 23,497
Social Group
ST 4943 8708 3049 9972 5382 9881
SC 2118 16,010 3803 21,562 18,240 21,464
OBC 3041 24,743 4187 24,048 16,348 23,619
GEN 4372 21,116 5554 32,807 21,294 32,060
Economic Class
Rural
Poorest 1726 11,765 4363 20,454 13,204 20,223
Poor 2757 10,749 5319 20,809 12,232 20,198
Middle 1721 18,913 3131 23,930 28,843 24,275
Rich 5240 16,741 5823 26,098 11,411 25,142
Richest 8215 47,263 4662 33,852 9530 33,433
Urban
Poorest 2875 18,694 3479 26,069 21,617 25,734
Poor 2653 20,075 4192 24,807 13,639 24,432
Middle 3222 12,225 4119 26,076 5745 23,594
Rich 2618 19,574 3831 35,725 14,917 34,181
Richest 4296 30,614 7736 36,288 58,855 37,705

* Private total includes for profit private provider and trust/NGO

Source: Authors’ computation from unit records of NSSO (71st Round 2014 and 75th Round 2017-18)