Table 2.
Associations between sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics and eGFR < 90 in participants without diabetes, hypertension, proteinuria, n = 821
| Model 1 minimal adjustment | Model 2 full adjustment | Model 3 minimal adjustment | Model 4 full adjustment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| eGFR | eGFR | eGFR < 90 | eGFR < 90 | |
| Variable | Coefficient (95%CI)a | Coefficient (95%CI)b | Coefficient (95%CI)a | Coefficient (95%CI)b |
| Age (per 10-year increase) c | -9.07 (-10.17, -7.98) | -9.20 (-10.44, -7.97) | 1.77 (1.54, 2.06) | 1.79 (1.53, 2.13) |
| Sex d | ||||
| Male | 1.57 (-1.23, 4.38) | 0.45 (-2.85, 3.76) | 0.85 (0.56, 1.28) | 0.90 (0.55, 1.49) |
| Female | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Study area | ||||
| Urban (Area 25) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref | Ref. |
| Rural (Bonje) | 7.39 (4.34, 10.44) | 7.47 (3.43, 11.52) | 0.37 (0.24, 0.57) | 0.43 (0.24, 0.79) |
| Education (years) | ||||
| ≤ 5 | 5.27 (-0.53, 11.09) | 5.04 (-0.84, 10.93) | 1.13 (0.53, 2.34) | 1.08 (0.50, 2.27) |
| > 5 ≤ 10 | 1.16 (-2.00, 4.33) | 1.20 (-1.99, 4.41) | 0.87 (0.54, 1.41) | 0.87 (0.53, 1.41) |
| > 10 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Occupation | ||||
| Agricultural worker | -1.05 (-4.59, 2.47) | -1.07 (-4.65, 2.51) | 0.69 (0.41, 1.21) | 0.69 (0.40, 1.21) |
| Non-agricultural worker | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
| Household monthly income (MK) e | ||||
| Unknown | -1.86 (-11.57, 7.84) | -2.95 (-12.75, 6.83) | 0.73 (0.11, 3.04) | 0.80 (0.11, 3.35) |
| MK 0 ≤ 20,000 | 0.10 (-2.99, 3.20) | -0.36 (-3.54, 2.80) | 1.21 (0.77, 1.94) | 1.29 (0.81, 2.11) |
| MK > 20,000 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| BMI (kg/m 2 ) | ||||
| Per 5 kg increase | -1.64(-3.48, 0.20) | -1.59 (-3.45, 0.27) | 1.09 (0.85, 1.39) | 1.10 (0.86, 1.42) |
| Fat-free mass | ||||
| Per 5 kg increase | -0.02 (-0.10, 0.05) | -0.01 (-0.10, 0.06) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.00, 1.01) |
| Healthy lifestyle choices | ||||
| Non-smoker or alcohol drinker | -2.43 (-5.97, 1.10) | -2.34 (-5.92, 1.22) | 1.02 (0.62, 1.73) | 1.00 (0.60, 1.71) |
| Smoker and alcohol drinker | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Regular meat eater | ||||
| Yes | -0.35 (-2.91, 3.62) | -0.29 (-3.04, 3.63) | 0.90 (0.55, 1.44) | 0.91 (0.55, 1.48) |
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Hypertension = systolic bp ≥ 140 mmHg, or diastolic bp ≥ 90 mmHg; Diabetes = fasting glucose > = 7 mg/l; Proteinuria = ACR > = 30 mg/mmol
aminimal adjustment for age, sex and area
ball variables mutually adjusted
cadjusted for sex and area
dadjusted for age and area
eExchange rate (MK to USD) 0.001 at time of questionnaire