Table 3.
Associations between sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (fully adjusted) after removal of those with hypertension, diabetes and proteinuria, Area 25 (n = 243) and Bonje (n = 578)
| Bonje | Bonje | Area 25 | Area 25 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
| Variable | eGFR | eGFR group (< 90) | eGFR | eGFR group (< 90) |
| Coefficient (95%CI)a | Coefficient (95%CI)b | Coefficient (95%CI)a | Coefficient (95%CI)b | |
| Age (per 10-year increase) c | -9.42 (-10.71, -8.14) | 1.81 (1.50, 2.22) | -7.99 (-11.48, -4.50) | 1.73 (1.22, 2.51) |
| Sex d | ||||
| Male | 0.58 (-3.25, 4.43) | 1.05 (0.53, 2.21) | -0.76 (-7.46, 5.93) | 0.81 (0.37, 1.72) |
| Female | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Education (years) | ||||
| ≤ 5 | 4.34 (-1.89, 10.58) | 1.16 (0.46, 2.81) | 8.97 (-6.02, 23.97) | 0.70 (0.12, 3.05) |
| > 5 ≤ 10 | 1.88 (-1.45, 5.23) | 0.66 (0.37, 1.20) | -3.05 (-11.92, 5.82) | 1.89 (0.78, 4.45) |
| > 10 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Occupation | ||||
| Agricultural worker | -1.03 (-4.47, 2.40) | 0.68 (0.38, 1.23) | 5.81 (-21.09, 32.71) | 0.68 (0.03, 8.22) |
| Non-agricultural worker | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Household monthly income (MK) e | ||||
| Unknown | -8.33 (-20.50, 3.82) | 1.08 (0.05, 7.34) | 3.90 (-13.64, 21.44) | 0.89 (0.04, 5.88) |
| MK 0 ≤ 20,000 | -1.07 (-4.39, 2.25) | 1.28 (0.74, 2.28) | 2.98 (-5.62, 11.59) | 1.25 (0.45, 3.20) |
| MK > 20,000 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| BMI (kg/m 2 ) | ||||
| Per 5 kg increase | -1.46 (-3.69, 0.75) | 1.33 (0.94, 1.93) | -2.03 (-5.59, 1.53) | 0.93 (0.64, 1.35) |
| Fat-free mass | ||||
| Per 5 kg increase | -0.02 (-0.11, 0.07) | 0.98 (0.00, 1.01) | 0.01 (-0.16, 0.16) | 0.99 (0.00, 1.02) |
| Healthy lifestyle choices | ||||
| Non-smoker or alcohol drinker | -2.37 (-6.55, 1.80) | 1.00 (0.50, 2.05) | -3.13 (-10.41, 4.13) | 1.05 (0.16, 1.57) |
| Smoker and alcohol drinker | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Regular meat eater | ||||
| Yes | -0.13 (-3.57, 3.30) | 1.06 (0.60, 1.86) | -3.31 (-6.56, 13.20) | 0.55 (0.47, 2.54) |
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Hypertension = systolic bp ≥ 140 mmHg, or diastolic bp ≥ 90 mmHg; Diabetes = fasting glucose > = 7 mg/l; Proteinuria = ACR > = 30 mg/mmol
aminimal adjustment for age and sex
ball variables mutually adjusted
cadjusted for sex and area
dadjusted for age and area
eExchange rate (MK to USD) 0.001 at time of questionnaire